[Exercise for depression treatment. Exercise modalities and types]. / Fizicheskaia nagruzka pri lechenii depressii. Rezhimy i vidy nagruzki.

The risk of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, is increased in depression, there is a decrease in life expectancy by 8-10 years. Pharmacotherapy is the first-line method in the treatment of depression. However, pharmaceutical-related side-effects and resistance to antidepressant pharmacotherapy create serious problems in treatment. Regular exercise not only weakens the symptoms of depression, increases aerobic capacity and muscle strength, but also has a positive effect on comorbid diseases. The purpose of this review is to answer the question, on which parameters of exercise the antidepressant effect depends. The review highlights the results of clinical studies of different types of exercises, intensities and modalities for the treatment of depression over the past 10 years. Because of the contradictory results of the studies, it is impossible to make final conclusions regarding the parameters of exercise. It is possible to say with high probability that in the treatment of depression, moderate and intense aerobic exercises with elements of strength exercises and a variety of coordination exercises more often lead to a positive effect than monotonous exercises with low intensity. It is possible that regular patient adherence to the prescribed exercise regimen is more important than the specific exercise type.

[Individual-typological evaluation of cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in young healthy men].

The aim of the study was the approaches development to a substantiation of recommendations on the persons selection for different types of physical exercise on the basis of individual chemoreflex reactivity of cardiorespiratory system. That's for the ventilatory and cardial responses in tests with increasing inhalation hypoxia and hypercapnia on the group of young healthy man was performed. It was shown that hypoxia induce predominantly cardial response, but hypercapnia--ventilatory response. On that predominantly chemoreflex reactions (respiration system to hypercarbia and cardiac--to hypoxaemia) four types of in parts were defined: small reactions in both parts (type 1), small reaction of cardiac system and strong of respiratory system (type 2), strong for heart response and small for respiration (type 3), and strong for both parts (type 4). Statistical analysis has shown that each type of reactions is specific to certain kind of sports training: 1 type for swimmers, 2 and 3 types for skiers, 4 type for boxers, weight lifters and wrestlers. For skiers group the inverse regression dependence between the growth of heart reactivity to hypoxaemia and depression of the pulmonary ventilation reactivity to hypercarbia is revealed at joint rising of the oxygen consumption per unit body weight. High quality skiers are distinguished by relative balance of chemoreflex responses of respiration and heart. It was found that physically untrained persons have pronounced individual variability of cardiorespiratory system chemoreflex reactions, what can be used for personal recommendations for choosing the kind of sports to employment.

[Structural-functional characteristics of cervical vessels in hypertensive patients under changed atmospheric pressure].

The ultrasonic location technique was used to measure intima-media thickness (IMT), as well as internal systolic diameter of and linear blood velocity in the cervical arteries in people with initial hypertension. Correlation analysis elicited a temporal contingency between these parameters and daily average values of atmospheric pressure. Thus, common carotid artery IMT tended to increase on high-pressure days. Besides, diameters of the common and internal carotid arteries, and vertebral artery were narrowed and, consequently, linear blood velocity in these vessels increased. This relationship is more evident in men than women and in elderly subjects than young. These results are suggestive of a vasoconstrictive action of high atmospheric pressure on these arteries. The relationship is not universal, as it is nonlinear for diameter of the internal carotid artery and inverse for the external one. This implies different sensitivity of arteries to the factor under study and possible blood redistribution in the arterial basin depending on external pressure. The relationship was observed equally on the day of investigation and previous days, which points to its temporal stability.

[Age, gender and individually-typological characteristics of reaction to acute hypoxic exposure].

Individual pequliarities of hypoxic resistance, assessed by the response of cardiorespiratory system to acute normobaric hypoxia (10% O2), were studied in healthy subjects. Age changes in dynamics of blood oxygen saturation after the acute hypoxia are shown at level of separate sites curve SpO2 (phases of a delay, decrease and lifting). It is established, that at children sensitivity to acute hypoxia above, than at teenagers, and at teenagers above, than at adults. Higher lability of mental processes, sympathetic activity, and personal anxiety are associated with choleric temperament. Cholerics are characterized by slower restoration of blood oxygen saturation after the acute hypoxia compared with sanguine persons that we consider an indication of less hypoxic tolerance of the first group. We have developed the complex algorithm, dynamics describing dependence oxygen saturation in various phases of the hypoxic test, which can be used as a universal method of an estimation hypoxic stability at different groups of the population.

[Cardiorespiratory responses of healthy person to increased normobaric inhalation hypoxia].

On almost healthy young men the changes of cardiorespiratory indexes are explored at prolonged (25 mines) exponenticaly dropping concentration of O2 in an inhalation respiratory admixture from 20.9% to 10%. It is shown that the most prompt (during 2-5 mines) is ventilatory equivalent of O2 that testifies to slope of efficacy of interlinking of oxygen in lungs grows. Individual expression of this depression is rather variable (on 22-84% from a reference value) also is substantially caused by the current alveolar ventilation spotting the basic reserve of enriching ventiljatorno-perfuzionnyh of relations in lungs. The subsequent propagation reaction of the cardiac contraction rate meeting in 100% of surveys, is impeded concerning the beginning of a hypoxia and combined with increase of the anoxemia noted on depression of a saturation of haemoglobin of blood O2. The individual gain of the cardiac contraction rate on a hypoxia compounds 8-43% from a datum level and is significantly bound to current diastolic arterial pressure of a blood. Hypoxycal ventilatory response is expressed only in 71% of cases, from which in 15%--is reversed at concomitant depression of a respiration rate.

[Hypoxia-induced reaction of cardiorespiratory system in persons with different creativity].

The associations between creativity characteristics and tolerance of young healthy subjects to experimentally induced normobaric hypoxia were studied. Inhalation of a gas mix with the lowered content of oxygen (10% O2) proceeded during time necessary for arterial hemoglobin saturation (SaO2) decrease to 80%. In the restoration period subjects breathed usual air during time necessary for SaO2 restoration to reference values. Creativity indicators: originality and fluency of the images created with use of subtests of Torrens "Circles" and "Incomplete figures", and of the sentences--with use of nouns from the remote semantic categories, were defined before hypoxia testing. Positive relationships between figurative originality and hypoxia tolerance indicators, i.e. decrease of SaO2 time and of calculated factor intended for reflecting restoration speed of respiratory system functions, were found. In the analysis of cardiovascular system reactivity, negative correlations between figurative originality and verbal fluency and heart rate in situations of a hypoxia and of cardiorespiratory system function restoration were revealed. Increase of ability to original figurative thinking also corresponded with smaller difference of heart rate increase in restoration situation compared with rest. The obtained associations between characteristics of creative thinking and experimental hypoxia-induced reactivity of cardiovascular and pulmonary systems indicate general mechanism of the nervous regulation underlying adaptive behavior and homeostasis.

[Individual typological features of EEG response in the sportsman to acute hypoxia].

The paper investigated variability of individual EEG parametres: frequency of the maximum peak, width of a range and depth of reaction desynchronization (reduction alpha-rhythm of EEG at opening of eyes) in slowly increasing hypoxia from 20.9% to 10%-s' O2 of the sportsman with various types of physical activity and features of temperament. There were investigated 24 first-class athletes (11 swimmers, 13 skiers) aged 18-26 years. It is shown that dynamics of EEG rhythms during hypoxia, unlike normoxia, characterised by instability of spectral structure and phase during time of hypoxia test. It is established, that individual typological features (typology of nervous system) influence EEG response during hypoxic test. The negative relations between a psychological construct "endurance" for questionnaire (FCB-Ti) and feature alpha-rhythm EEG during hypoxia test are shown. The type of physical training and re-structuring pattern of breath (phenotypic adaptation) modulates sensitivity of brain structures to hypoxia which is reflected in dynamics alpha-rhythm of EEG in hypoxic conditions.

[Heliogeophysical correlates of early biodemographic variables in the south of western Siberia].

In order to verify associations between solar and geomagnetic activities and perinatal variables the monthly distributions of population characters in Novosibirsk region over the period 1980-2001 were compared by stepwise correlation analysis with monthly averaged physical parameters at lags from 0 to 10 months. Three indices used were as follows: the number of sunspots, solar flux at 10.7 cm wavelength and Ak index measured at local ionospheric station near Novosibirsk city. Official data on the number of single and multiple live births, stillbirths and infant deaths at the age under one year by the type of population and sex were provided by State Statistical Committee. All three physical parameters positively correlated with the number of single births and infant mortality rate and negatively with twin births in both populations, urban and rural, irrespective of lags. The direct association between Ak index and relative number of stillbirths in urban setting was mostly pronounced at a lag of 5 months. The number of live births increased along with Ak index due to the enhanced proportion of female births whereas the number of stillbirths after the increase in solar and geomagnetic activities elevated because of male deaths.

[Biorhythmic markers of stress and dysadaptation condition at work on a rotational basis in the north].

Within the limits of researches of medical and biologic problems of work on a rotational basis in regions with extreme climatic conditions, the concept of suboptimal strategy of adaptation as "incomplete adaptation" (IA) has been developed. A basic IA at work on a rotational basis makes synchronisation infringement of functions which develops at a change of time zones at cross-meridian migrations, and as a result of occurrence of climatic stress at cross-latitude migrations. The condition of IA is characterised by reactive anxiety, inversion of inter-hemisphere domination, infringement of circadian rhythms, boundary shifts of the hormonal status, the lowered physical and intellectual working capacity, features of psycho-somatic tiredness. In modelling experiments, it is shown that chronic infringement of circadian rhythms at IA has the expressed "acute" form which then later passes into the hidden form. In the phase of hidden form, functional reserves of the organism decrease and the risk of diseases increases.

[Psychophysiology of sports addiction (exercises addiction)].

Addiction is a prevalent and growing concern in all aspects of our modern society. There are considerable concerns for the growing frequency of addictions to drugs, alcohol, gambling, eating, and even sex. Though exercise is generally accepted as a positive behaviour that has many benefits associated with enhanced physical and psychological wellbeing, there is an increasing awareness that exercise addiction is becoming a common phenomenon. Theories regarding how exercise can become addictive, and studies of withdrawal from exercise are reviewed. Several physiological mechanisms, including endogenous opioids, catecholamines, functional asymmetry of brain activity and thermoregulation have been implicated in exercise dependence.

[Response of arterial blood haemoglobin saturation to short-term intermittent normobaric hypoxia in humans].

The paper presents experimental data supporting a hypothesis that the changes of arterial blood haemoglobin saturation during breathing the hypoxic gas mixture (10-13% O2) can be fitted by exponential function. The formal description of the saturation curves allowed verifying their stages and evaluating interindividual variability. It is suggested that the parameters of exponents can be used when estimating an individual hypoxic resistance of a human organism.

[Solar phase effect on elasticity of the brachial artery and blood flow in humans].

Single and double examinations of normal males and females in the course of 11-year solar cycle with the use of oscillovasometry and occlusive plethysmography established a direct correlation between the effective diastolic radius of the brachial artery and solar activity characteristics on the day of examination, i.e. number of solar spots and intensity of radiation with the 10.7 cm wavelength. Other blood flow parameters demonstrated opposite correlations with the factors in males and females. As solar activity increased, females displayed linear decrements of arterial elasticity and regional peripheral resistance and growth of the volumetric blood flow velocity equally at rest and at the peak of post-occlusion reactive hyperemia. In males, the correlations had the reversed sign. Besides, males were noted to reduce venous reserve and venous outflow from antebrachial muscles proportionally to the increase of Wolf number. It is inferred that elevated solar activity may be responsible for impairment of the feeling of well-being of people with reduced cardiovascular reserve, particularly in space tight or at high altitudes in the absence of or under weak protection of the geomagnetic field and ozone layer.

[Structurally functional changes of cardiovascular system at high sports activity at aboriginals of Yakutia].

UNLABELLED: In order to study structurally functional changes of cardiovascular system and metabolic indicators at going in for sports in Yakutia, 146 men of the Yakut nationality (18-29 years) living in Yakutsk city have been surveyed. The basic group - sportsmen of high level of skill (free-style wresling, boxing) (n = 108, middle age 20.2 +/- 0.2 years). Control group - the healthy men who are not going in for sports (n = 38, middle age 24.5 +/- 0.4 years). METHODS: anthropometry, echocardiography, rheography, arterial pressure (AP), biochemical analysis of blood serum. The basic group has been divided into 2 subgroups depending on level AP (1a-AP sist from 110 to 130, group 1b-AP sist more than 130 mm Hg). Results of research have shown, that playing sports leads to specialized changes of functioning of cardiovascular system, conserned with point of view on "adaptation to function" and "sports heart". Condition of the North can promote occurrence of changes at separate sportsmen (risk group - 10%) who are shown by disorder of hemodynamic parameters at at preservation of normal values of indicators of blood lipid profile.