Click me ! The influence of clickbait on user engagement in social media and the role of digital nudging.

Clickbait to make people click on a linked article is commonly used on social media. We analyze the impact of clickbait on user interaction on Facebook in the form of liking, sharing and commenting. For this, we use a data set of more than 4,400 Facebook posts from 10 different news sources to analyze how clickbait in post headlines and in post text influences user engagement. The results of our study revealed that certain features (e.g., unusual punctuation and common clickbait phrases) increase user interaction, whereas others decrease engagement with Facebook posts. We further use our results to discuss the potential role of digital nudging in the context of clickbait. Our results contribute to understanding and making use of the effect of different framings in social media.

Effect of Auditory Task Type on Physiological and Subjective Measures of Listening Effort in Individuals With Normal Hearing.

Purpose Listening effort has traditionally been measured using subjective rating scales and behavioral measures. Recent physiological measures of listening effort have utilized pupil dilation. Using a combination of physiological and subjective measures of listening effort, this study aimed to identify differences in listening effort during 2 auditory tasks: sentence recognition and word recognition. Method Pupil dilation and subjective ratings of listening effort were obtained for auditory tasks utilizing AzBio sentences recognition and Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 words recognition, across 3 listening situations: in quiet, at +6 dB signal-to-noise ratio, and at 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio. Task accuracy was recorded for each of the 6 conditions, as well as peak pupil dilation and a subjective rating of listening effort. Results A significant impact of listening situation (quiet vs. noise) and task type (sentence recognition vs. word recognition) on both physiological and subjective measures was found. There was a significant interaction between listening situation and task type, suggesting that contextual cues may only be beneficial when audibility is uncompromised. The current study found no correlation between the physiological and subjective measures, possibly suggesting that these measures analyze different aspects of cognitive effort in a listening task.

[Value of sialendoscopy in German ENT-hospitals in 2016]. / Stellenwert der Sialendoskopie an deutschen HNO-Kliniken im Jahr 2016.

OBJECTIVE: In 2009 a nationwide survey revealed that only 24 % of the German ENT-hospitals performed sialendoscopy. In 2016 the survey was repeated to reevaluate the actual ranking of sialendoscopy in Germany. MATERIAL UND METHODS: Again, the same questionnaire as in 2009 was sent to all German ENT-hospitals. It is a self-developed questionnaire including eleven questions. The results from 2009 and the new results from 2016 were matched with each other. RESULTS: The amount of hospitals performing sialendoscopy doubled and the number of interventions tripled. There were various reasons for denying sialendoscopy. Main reason was a lack of patients. No differences were seen in ambulant vs. inpatient interventions and the duration of sialendoscopy. Preoperative ultrasound was performed in all hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: The survey reveals an increasing number of hospitals performing sialendoscopy and an increasing number of sialendoscopies. Simultaneously, some hospitals alleged a lack of patients. These facts could explain a development of specialized centers for obstructive sialadenitis and sialendoscopy. Meanwhile, further salivary gland diseases are treated with sialendoscopy. The preoperative diagnostic of choice is ultrasound. Sialendoscopy seems to be more and more established in German ENT-hospitals.

The 8th edition AJCC/UICC TNM staging for p16-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma: is there space for improvement?

The 8th edition of the AJCC/UICC TNM-staging system for p16[HPV]-positive OPSCC manages to improve prediction of prognosis and will essentially influence choice of therapy in future. Nonetheless, adjustments of the current version are needed. The surrogate marker p16 alone is inadequate for HPV detection, the role of ECS in HPV-positive OPSCC is not fully understood, and the patient's characteristics as well as molecular signatures and genetics have not been taken into consideration yet.

Rigid Triple Endoscopy Improves Clinical Staging of Primary Head and Neck Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Correct pre-therapeutic staging of the first primary carcinoma (FPC) and detection of simultaneous second primary carcinomas (SSPCs) decisively influence therapy and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). The aim of this study was to determine the benefit of pre-therapeutic triple endoscopy for detection of SSPC and pre-therapeutic T category. METHODS: A cohort of 234 HNSCC patients with completed triple endoscopy was reviewed, focusing on pre-therapeutic T category and SSPC. Risk stratification for different subsites was evaluated. RESULTS: The risk for SSPC was 5.56%. FPC of the oral cavity and oropharynx had the highest prevalence of SSPC (46.15%, 38.46%); most SSPCs were found in the hypopharynx. No SSPCs were found in the oral cavity, nasopharynx and oesophagus. Significant results in correct pre-therapeutic T staging have been achieved for the larynx (p = 0.021) and the oropharynx (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Triple endoscopies seem to be inadequate for SSPC detection in HNSCC patients. Endoscopies of the trachea and oesophagus should be reconsidered. Alternatively, risk-directed endoscopies of the hypopharynx might be performed in patients with oral cancer. For evaluation of resectability, conducting triple endoscopy could be reduced to a single endoscopy because the complication rate is low and pre-therapeutic T staging can be improved.

Intraindividual homogeneity of 18F-FDG PET/CT parameters in HPV-positive OPSCC.

OBJECTIVES: 18F-FDG PET/CT is widely used in clinical oncology. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) represents an emerging disease that differs from HPV-negative OPSCC in clinical behavior and tumour biology. In these tumours, HPV-oncogenes might lead to distinct alterations in metabolic pathways. Therefore, we compared metabolic parameters using 18F-FDG PET/CT in HPV-positive and HPV-negative OPSCC in relation to histopathological findings. MATERIALS: Eighty-six patients with OPSCC received pre-therapeutic 18F-FDG PET/CT. Standardised uptake volume (SUV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG) and metabolic tumour volume (MTV) were analysed for the primary tumour. SUVmax was determined for neck lymph nodes. HPV-status was determined; overall survival rates (OS) were estimated. RESULTS: 32/86 patients (37.2%) had HPV-related OPSCC. Overall, PET-parameters in primary tumours of both groups did not differ significantly. Comparing early with locally advanced primary tumours, there was a significant increase in 18F-FDG uptake in HPV-negative patients (p<0.001). Positive nodes of HPV-related OPSCC showed significantly higher SUVmax values (p=0.039) compared to HPV-negative OPSCC. Strikingly, there was a higher intraindividual homogeneity of 18F-FDG uptake between primary and respective positive nodes in HPV-related primary OPSCC (p=0.001). SUV-max and -mean values did not correlate with OS in HPV-related OPSCC. CONCLUSION: The intraindividual homogeneity of 18F-FDG uptake in HPV-related OPSCC could reflect the more homogenously, HPV-triggered carcinogenesis compared to the mutation-driven carcinogenesis in the HPV-negative OPSCC with heterogenic 18F-FDG uptake.

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) sialography--an adjunct to salivary gland ultrasonography in the evaluation of recurrent salivary gland swelling.

OBJECTIVE: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) sialography could help improve the visualization of the ductal system of salivary glands. The aim of this retrospective investigation was to monitor the use of CBCT sialography for the diagnosis of pathologies within the intraglandular ductal system when ultrasonography was inconclusive. STUDY DESIGN: Fourteen consecutive patients suffering from recurrent swelling of a major salivary gland were evaluated. In 12 patients (8 female; 4 male; average age 46 years), a radiopaque contrast agent could be injected into the ductal system, followed by a routine CBCT. Four blinded examiners evaluated the acquired data sets retrospectively. RESULTS: CBCT revealed seven stenosis, two salivary stones, one complete duct atresia, one intraglandular duct ectasia, and one regular duct system. Three of the detected pathologies were strictly intraglandular. CONCLUSIONS: CBCT sialography shows promise as a supplementary noninvasive diagnostic tool for the visualization of the intraglandular ductal system of the major human salivary glands. Controlled studies to further validate this method should be undertaken.

Contrast-agent enhancement in ex vivo flat-panel computed tomography of locally advanced laryngeal cancer.

CONCLUSION: Visualization of cartilage invasion in ex vivo laryngectomy specimens was improved by flat-panel volumetric computed tomography (fpvCT) after diffusion of contrast agents. A prospective study to assess the specificity and sensitivity of this new method is warranted. OBJECTIVES: Cartilage invasion is a criterion for staging laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Contrast-enhanced CT is routinely used for assessing cartilage invasion. However, the sensitivities and specificities given for this method in the literature vary, and there is a need for improvement of this staging method. The objective of our pilot study was to determine cartilage invasion with fpvCT after contrast agent diffusion. METHODS: Three patients underwent preoperative CT and total laryngectomy. The excised larynges were immediately scanned with an fpvCT scanner, without contrast enhancement. Additional fpvCT scans were performed after incubation of the larynges in one of three different contrast agents for 24 and 48 h. The results from presurgical conventional scans, fpvCT scans, and histological examination - as the gold standard - were compared. RESULTS: We demonstrated the feasibility of ex vivo contrast enhancement of laryngeal tissues by diffusion, with a subsequent increase in contrast enhancement and improved visualization of cartilage invasion in fpvCT scans. Histology confirmed the fpvCT results.

Short-term outcome and patient satisfaction after sialendoscopy.

Sialendoscopy is an established, minimally invasive technique to diagnose and treat obstructive disorders of major salivary glands. Knowledge about patient satisfaction and quality of life is limited. All patients who underwent sialendoscopy were prospectively followed and evaluated. To determine the quality of life after sialendoscopy, an established questionnaire was evaluated (Short-Form-36 Health Survey-SF-36). To determine patient satisfaction, a self-made questionnaire was applied and evaluated. Furthermore, postoperative follow-up examination and the amount of patients who could be saved from sialadenectomy were determined. Main reasons for sialendoscopy were recurrent or permanent swelling of the affected salivary gland. 46 patients were included, 52 sialendoscopies were performed. Immediately after sialendoscopy operative ablation of the respective gland was averted in 98.1 % of the patients. After the follow-up period of 225.4 ± 79.0 days operative ablation of the respective gland was avoided in 89.9 % of the patients. Overall, 85.2 % reported an improvement of symptoms during follow-up, however, values for role-physical functioning (p = 0.025) and bodily pain (p = 0.011) still showed a significant difference when compared to a matched reference group of healthy individuals. Significant negative influence factors towards the outcome were younger age, long-term duration of symptoms and selected SF-36 items (vitality, social functioning, and mental health). Operative ablation of major salivary glands can be avoided by means of sialendoscopy in high percentages during short-term. There seems to be a high patient satisfaction in these selected cases. The duration of preoperative symptoms appears to be an important factor predisposing towards poor satisfaction.

Extracardiac juvenile rhabdomyoma of the larynx: a rare pathological finding.

The extracardiac juvenile rhabdomyoma is extremely rare in the field of Otorhinolaryngology. The tumour usually arises from the soft tissue of the face or from mucosal sites, especially the oropharynx and the oral cavity but only sporadic endolaryngeal cases have been described in literature so far with predominance of young males. Here, we describe the very rare case of endolaryngeal extracardiac juvenile rhabdomyoma in a 42-year-old male. Clinical examination showed a mass of the right vocal cord, resembling a cystic lesion. Microlaryngoscopy revealed a non-encapsulated lesion and histopathology including immunohistochemistry which consecutively led to the correct diagnosis. This case suggests that the endolaryngeal extracardiac juvenile rhabdomyoma can be easily confused with a vocal cord cyst. Malignant transformations have not been reported but recurrences have been described. When total excision cannot be accomplished, reoperation or narrow follow-up is indicated to prevent advanced revision surgeries.