ABSTRACT
Although paracycling is a growing discipline in high level competitive sports as well as in posttraumatic rehabilitation, epidemiological data of resulting injuries is still missing. Therefore, 19 athletes of the German national paracycling team were asked about their injuries during the 2008 season using a standardized questionnaire. Overall, 18 (94.7 %) of 19 athletes reported overuse injuries; most commonly localized at the back (83.3 %), neck/shoulder (77.8 %), knee (50 %), groin/buttock (50 %) and hands/wrists (38.9 %). Altogether, 18 accidents were registered, corresponding to an injury rate of 0,95 acute injuries per athlete per year (0,07 / 1000 km). The most common acute injuries were abrasions (69.2 %) and contusions (61.5 %), whereas fractures were stated only twice (11.8 %). The anatomical distribution of overuse injuries in disabled cyclists confirms the results of studies in able-bodied cycling, although the incidences in low-back pain and neck/shoulder pain is clearly higher in disabled cycling, as well as the rate of traumatic injuries.
Subject(s)
Athletic Injuries/epidemiology , Athletic Injuries/etiology , Bicycling/injuries , Cumulative Trauma Disorders/epidemiology , Cumulative Trauma Disorders/etiology , Disabled Persons , Musculoskeletal System/injuries , Adult , Competitive Behavior , Female , Germany , Humans , Male , Musculoskeletal Pain/epidemiology , Musculoskeletal Pain/etiology , Risk Factors , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Study was carried out on serial section of 45 human embryos of stages 13 to 23. The urorectal septum develops from three folds: single superior and two lateral ones. Development of the urorectal septum begins at stage 13 when the superior fold between the hindgut and allontois appears. At stage 15, all three folds unite to from complete septum, reaching the cloacal membrane and dividing the cloaca into anterior compartment, the primary urogenital sinus and the posterior compartment rectum.
