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1.
J Vet Cardiol ; 49: 44-51, 2023 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37801771

ABSTRACT

A 7-week-old male Doberman presented with tachypnea, dyspnea and a VI/VI, left cranial, continuous heart murmur. Thoracic radiographs revealed severe left-sided cardiomegaly, presence of a rounded soft tissue opacity in the caudodorsal aspect of the thoracic cavity and signs of left-sided congestive heart failure. Clinical signs of heart failure were medically controlled. Echocardiography and computed tomography demonstrated a left-to-right shunting patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in combination with a right-to-left shunting pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM) between the right main pulmonary artery and the right caudal pulmonary vein. Arterial blood gasses revealed mild hypoxemia. Transcatheter occlusion of the PDA using an Amplatz Canine Duct Occluder was performed. Four months post-operatively, echocardiography showed normal cardiac size and function with complete PDA closure. Thoracic radiographs revealed absence of the rounded opacity and resolution of cardiomegaly and vascular congestion. The PAVM was no longer visualized on repeated computed tomography and the arterial blood gasses were within normal limits. A PAVM connecting a pulmonary artery to a pulmonary vein has only rarely been reported in dogs. This report describes the presence of a congenital PAVM in combination with a PDA in a dog, which has not been previously reported in veterinary medicine.


Subject(s)
Arteriovenous Malformations , Dog Diseases , Ductus Arteriosus, Patent , Pulmonary Veins , Dogs , Animals , Male , Ductus Arteriosus, Patent/complications , Ductus Arteriosus, Patent/diagnostic imaging , Ductus Arteriosus, Patent/surgery , Ductus Arteriosus, Patent/veterinary , Pulmonary Artery/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Artery/abnormalities , Pulmonary Veins/diagnostic imaging , Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Dog Diseases/surgery , Arteriovenous Malformations/complications , Arteriovenous Malformations/diagnostic imaging , Arteriovenous Malformations/veterinary , Cardiomegaly/veterinary , Cardiac Catheterization/veterinary
2.
Vet J ; 216: 202-6, 2016 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27687953

ABSTRACT

Compressive hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion (HNPE) in dogs is defined as acute extradural compression by hydrated nucleus pulposus material at the level of the associated intervertebral disc. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice for diagnosis of HNPE. The aims of this study were to determine the usefulness of unenhanced computed tomography (CT) and contrast enhanced CT (CE-CT), and the sensitivity and specificity of CE-CT, for detection of compressive HNPE. Using CE-CT, HNPE was visualised as a hypodense extradural compressive lesion with rim enhancement immediately dorsal to the intervertebral disc space, with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 100%. CE-CT is a useful technique to detect compressive HNPE in dogs. However, if no clear lesion is identified with CE-CT, or if additional information about intramedullary changes is required, MRI still needs to be performed.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Intervertebral Disc Displacement/veterinary , Intervertebral Disc/diagnostic imaging , Multidetector Computed Tomography/veterinary , Nucleus Pulposus/diagnostic imaging , Animals , Dogs , Female , Intervertebral Disc/pathology , Intervertebral Disc Displacement/diagnostic imaging , Male , Multidetector Computed Tomography/methods , Nucleus Pulposus/pathology , Sensitivity and Specificity
3.
Anat Histol Embryol ; 45(1): 19-27, 2016 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25471156

ABSTRACT

A synovial plica is present at the dorsoproximal aspect of the fetlock joint. The objective of this study was to describe the location of the synovial plica during induced hyperextension using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. For this study 20 cadaver limbs from five Warmblood horses were used. Measurements were made of the dorsal; palmar/plantar length and the thickness of the plica with the joint in a normal position. During induced hyperextension of the joint, the position of the plica was described; the dorsal angle of extension and angle of contact between the proximal phalanx (P1) and the condyle were measured. The dorsal length differed between front/hind limbs and between the medial/lateral aspect of the joint. The angle of contact between P1 and condyle differed between front/hind limbs; between the lateral and medial aspect of the joint and between different positions of the plica. Four different positions of the plica were observed: shortened with the tip curved towards palmar/plantar; projecting distally; projecting towards dorsal and projecting distally with the tip interposed between P1 and the condyle. During induced hyperextension, a close relation is present between the synovial plica, P1 and the condyle with a variable position of the plica; which is suggestive for a contact interface between P1 and the metacarpal/metatarsal bone. However the plica does not seem to act consistently as a cushioning surface.


Subject(s)
Horses/anatomy & histology , Metacarpophalangeal Joint/diagnostic imaging , Metatarsophalangeal Joint/diagnostic imaging , Synovial Membrane/diagnostic imaging , Animals , Cadaver , Female , Horses/physiology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/veterinary , Male , Metacarpophalangeal Joint/physiology , Metatarsophalangeal Joint/physiology
4.
Anat Histol Embryol ; 45(1): 28-36, 2016 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25487433

ABSTRACT

The canine omental bursa is a virtual cavity enclosed by the greater and lesser omentum. While previous representations of this bursa were always purely schematic, a novel casting technique was developed to depict the three-dimensional organization of the omental bursa more consistently. A self-expanding polyurethane-based foam was injected into the omental bursa through the omental foramen in six dogs. After curing and the subsequent maceration of the surrounded tissues, the obtained three-dimensional casts could clearly and in a reproducible way reveal the omental vestibule, its caudal recess and the three compartments of the splenic recess. The cast proved to be an invaluable study tool to identify the landmarks that define the enveloping omentum. In addition, the polyurethane material can easily be discerned on computed tomographic images. When the casting technique is preceded by vascular injections, the blood vessels that supply the omentum can be outlined as well.


Subject(s)
Dogs/anatomy & histology , Omentum/anatomy & histology , Peritoneal Cavity/anatomy & histology , Animals , Aorta, Thoracic , Contrast Media/administration & dosage , Corrosion Casting/methods , Corrosion Casting/veterinary , Female , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/veterinary , Iohexol/administration & dosage , Iohexol/analogs & derivatives , Male , Omentum/diagnostic imaging , Peritoneal Cavity/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary
5.
Anat Histol Embryol ; 45(1): 37-43, 2016 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25516017

ABSTRACT

Although the omentum remains an enigmatic organ, research during the last decades has revealed its fascinating functions including fat storage, fluid drainage, immune activity, angiogenesis and adhesion. While clinicians both in human and veterinary medicine are continuously exploring new potential omental applications, detailed anatomical data on the canine omentum are currently lacking, and information is often retrieved from human medicine. In this study, the topographic anatomy of the canine greater and lesser omentum is explored in depth. Current nomenclature is challenged, and a more detailed terminology is proposed. Consistent arteries that are contained within folds of the superficial omental wall are documented, described and named, as they can provide the anatomical landmarks that are necessary for unambiguous scientific communication on the canine omentum. In an included dissection video, the conclusions and in situ findings described in this study are demonstrated.


Subject(s)
Dogs/anatomy & histology , Omentum/anatomy & histology , Omentum/blood supply , Animals , Arteries/anatomy & histology , Cadaver , Corrosion Casting/veterinary , Female , Liver/anatomy & histology , Liver/blood supply , Male , Pancreas/anatomy & histology , Pancreas/blood supply , Spleen/anatomy & histology , Spleen/blood supply , Stomach/anatomy & histology , Stomach/blood supply , Viscera/anatomy & histology , Viscera/blood supply
6.
J Vet Intern Med ; 29(5): 1354-9, 2015.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26249824

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Syringomyelia (SM) is defined as the presence of fluid-containing cavities within the parenchyma of the spinal cord. Sagittal magnetic resonance (MR) images have been described as the preferred technique for visualizing SM in dogs and humans. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether computed tomography (CT) can be used to diagnose SM. ANIMALS: Thirty-two client-owned dogs referred for investigation of the cervical spine on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT. METHODS: Two reviewers retrospectively analyzed sagittal and transverse T1-weighted spin echo (T1WSE) MR images and CT images from each dog for the presence of SM and, if SM was present, the width (mm, syrinx width [SW]) was measured. The results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: For the presence of SM there was a moderate interobserver agreement for MR (81%, κ = 0.54) and almost perfect agreement for CT (94%, κ = 0.87). There was a moderate intramodality agreement for both observers (observer 1 81%, κ = 0.59; observer 2 81%, κ = 0.57). For measurement of SW the repeatability was the best on the midsagittal T1WSE images (95% repeatability coefficient <0.52 mm) and the reproducibility was the best on midsagittal images in both modalities (95% limits of agreement -0.55-0.45; P = 0.002). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Both techniques can be used to detect SM. Midsagittal MR and CT images are best used for measuring SW. Computed tomography can be used as a diagnostic tool for SM when MRI is not available, but CT cannot replace MRI as the standard screening technique for the detection of SM in Cavalier King Charles Spaniel for breeding purposes.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Syringomyelia/veterinary , Animals , Cervical Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging , Cervical Vertebrae/pathology , Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Female , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/veterinary , Male , Multidetector Computed Tomography/veterinary , Observer Variation , Reproducibility of Results , Retrospective Studies , Syringomyelia/diagnosis , Syringomyelia/pathology
7.
J Vet Intern Med ; 29(1): 238-42, 2015 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25408117

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) have a high prevalence of Chiari-like malformation (CM). Herniation of the cerebellum into the foramen magnum is a key diagnostic feature for CM. Midsagittal MR images are the preferred technique for visualizing cerebellar herniation (CH). OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether CT can be used to diagnose CH. ANIMALS: Fifteen client-owned CKCS dogs referred for investigation of the brain and cranial cervical spine on MRI and CT. METHODS: Two reviewers retrospectively analyzed midsagittal T1WSE and T2WSE MR images and midsagittal pre- and postcontrast 2D multiplanar reformatted CT images from each dog for the presence of CH. And, if present, the length (mm, CHL) of the herniation was measured. The results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the different observers and techniques for the detection of CH and measurement of CHL. Overall, the CHL was longer on the CT images. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Both techniques are useful for detecting CH and measuring CHL. Because CHL does not have a known direct impact on the clinical presentation of CM, CT can be used as a diagnostic tool in a routine clinical practice for CM in CKCS when MRI is not available. We emphasize that MRI is the standard screening technique in CKCS for breeding purposes to detect the presence of CM and SM and, at the current time, CT cannot replace MRI.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Encephalocele/veterinary , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/veterinary , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary , Animals , Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Dogs , Encephalocele/diagnosis , Encephalocele/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods
8.
Anat Histol Embryol ; 43(6): 413-22, 2014 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24612431

ABSTRACT

This study was performed to provide a detailed atlas of the normal arterial and venous canine vasculature in the cranial abdomen by dual-phase computed tomographic angiography. Five adult beagles were positioned in dorsal recumbency on a multislice helical CT scanner. An unenhanced survey CT scan from the diaphragm to the pelvic inlet was performed. Bolus-tracking software was used for the dual-phase angiogram, and contrast medium was administered in a cephalic vein. The arterial phase was scanned from the mid-abdomen to the cranial aspect of the diaphragm; the portal phase was scanned a few seconds after the arterial phase in the opposite direction. The DICOM studies from all dogs were analysed. Representative images were selected and anatomic structures labelled. Maximum intensity projections and three-dimensional images were generated using software techniques. A detailed atlas of the venous and arterial vasculature of the cranial canine abdomen was created with the help of bolus-tracking dual-phase computed tomographic angiography (CTA). Practitioners can use this anatomic atlas with its detailed venous and arterial phase CT angiograms of the canine cranial abdomen to compare normal versus abnormal vascular anatomy.


Subject(s)
Abdomen/blood supply , Angiography/veterinary , Dogs/anatomy & histology , Radiography, Abdominal/veterinary , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary , Angiography/methods , Animals , Radiography, Abdominal/methods , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods
9.
J Small Anim Pract ; 55(6): 337-9, 2014 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24602076

ABSTRACT

A three-year-old neutered male whippet was presented with intermittent, exercise-induced paraparesis. Femoral pulses were bilaterally absent. Neurologic examination was suggestive of a thoracolumbar myelopathy. Blood pressure measurements revealed hypotension in both pelvic limbs, hypertension in the right thoracic limb and it was immeasurable in the left thoracic limb. Echocardiography was within reference limits. A clear vascular pulsation was palpable on the right ventral abdominal wall. Computed tomographic angiography revealed a dissection of the aortic wall between the left subclavian artery and the brachiocephalic trunk with subsequent thrombus formation. A shunt between the right internal thoracic, cranial and caudal epigastric arteries to preserve blood flow to the pelvic limbs was visualized. Necropsy was declined by the owner. This is the first case report describing the formation of a unilateral vascular shunt following a thoracic aortic occlusion, which presented as exercise-induced paraparesis.


Subject(s)
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/veterinary , Aortic Dissection/veterinary , Arteriovenous Fistula/veterinary , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Aortic Dissection/complications , Aortic Dissection/diagnosis , Aortic Dissection/pathology , Animals , Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/complications , Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/diagnosis , Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/pathology , Arteriovenous Fistula/etiology , Brachiocephalic Trunk/pathology , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Male , Paraparesis/etiology , Paraparesis/veterinary , Subclavian Artery/pathology
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