ABSTRACT
The identification of highly potent and orally active triazines for the inhibition of PDE10A is reported. The new analogs exhibit low-nanomolar potency for PDE10A, demonstrate high selectivity against all other members of the PDE family, and show desired drug-like properties. Employing structure-based drug design approaches, we investigated the selectivity of PDE10A inhibitors against other known PDE isoforms, by methodically exploring the various sub-regions of the PDE10A ligand binding pocket. A systematic assessment of the ADME and pharmacokinetic properties of the newly synthesized compounds has led to the design of drug-like candidates with good brain permeability and desirable drug kinetics (t(1/2), bioavailability, clearance). Compound 66 was highly potent for PDE10A (IC(50)=1.4 nM), demonstrated high selectivity (>200×) for the other PDEs, and was efficacious in animal models of psychoses; reversal of MK-801 induced hyperactivity (MED=0.1mg/kg) and conditioned avoidance responding (CAR; ID(50)=0.2 mg/kg).
Subject(s)
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism , Triazines/pharmacology , Administration, Oral , Animals , Crystallography, X-Ray , Dizocilpine Maleate/antagonists & inhibitors , Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Hyperkinesis/chemically induced , Hyperkinesis/drug therapy , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/chemistry , Rats , Structure-Activity Relationship , Triazines/administration & dosage , Triazines/chemistryABSTRACT
The identification of highly potent and orally active phenylpyrazines for the inhibition of PDE10A is reported. The new analogues exhibit subnanomolar potency for PDE10A, demonstrate high selectivity against all other members of the PDE family, and show desired druglike properties. Employing structure-based drug design approaches, we methodically explored two key regions of the binding pocket of the PDE10A enzyme to alter the planarity of the parent compound 1 and optimize its affinity for PDE10A. Bulky substituents at the C9 position led to elimination of the mutagenicity of 1, while a crucial hydrogen bond interaction with Glu716 markedly enhanced its potency and selectivity. A systematic assessment of the ADME and PK properties of the new analogues led to druglike development candidates. One of the more potent compounds, 96, displayed an IC(50) for PDE10A of 0.7 nM and was active in predictive antipsychotic animal models.
Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents/chemical synthesis , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism , Pyrazines/chemical synthesis , Administration, Oral , Animals , Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology , Avoidance Learning/drug effects , Binding Sites , Crystallography, X-Ray , Cyclic AMP/chemistry , Cyclic AMP/metabolism , Cyclic GMP/metabolism , Dogs , Female , Humans , Hydrolysis , Hyperkinesis/drug therapy , In Vitro Techniques , Isoenzymes/chemistry , Isoenzymes/metabolism , Ligands , Male , Mice , Microsomes/metabolism , Models, Molecular , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/chemistry , Protein Conformation , Pyrazines/pharmacokinetics , Pyrazines/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Rats, Wistar , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Stereoisomerism , Stereotyped Behavior/drug effects , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Novel imidazo[1,5-a]pyrido[3,2-e]pyrazines have been synthesized and characterized as both potent and selective phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors. For in vitro characterization, inhibition of PDE10A mediated cAMP hydrolysis was used and a QSAR model was established to analyze substitution effects. The outcome of this analysis was complemented by the crystal structure of PDE10A in complex with compound 49. Qualitatively new interactions between inhibitor and binding site were found, contrasting with previously published crystal structures of papaverine-like inhibitors. In accordance with the known antipsychotic potential of PDE10A inhibitors, MK-801 induced stereotypy and hyperactivity in rats were reversed by selected compounds. Thus, a promising compound class has been identified for the treatment of schizophrenia that could circumvent side effects connected with current therapies.
Subject(s)
Drug Discovery/methods , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/chemistry , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism , Pyrazines/chemistry , Pyrazines/pharmacology , Animals , Female , Humans , Models, Molecular , Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/chemistry , Protein Conformation , Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
We have investigated the refolding and purification of the catalytic domain of human 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 7A1 (PDE7A1) expressed in Escherichia coli. A cDNA encoding an N-terminal-truncated PDE7A1(147-482-His) was amplified by RT-PCR from human peripheral blood cells and inserted into the vector pET21-C for bacterial expression of the enzyme fused to a C-terminal His-tag. The PDE was found to be expressed in the form of inclusion bodies which could be refolded to an active enzyme in buffer containing high concentrations of arginine hydrochloride, ethylene glycol, and magnesium chloride at pH 8.5. The PDE7A1(147-482-His) construct could be purified after dialysis and concentration steps by either Zn2+-IDA-Sepharose chromatography or ResourceQ ion-exchange chromatography to homogeneity. In comparison to the metal-chelate column, the ResourceQ purification resulted in a distinctly better yield and enrichment of the protein. Both the Vmax (0.46 micromol. min(-1). mg(-1) ) and the K(m) (0.1 microM) of the purified enzyme were found to be comparable with published data for native or recombinant catalytically active expressed PDE7A1. Using SDS/PAGE, a molecular mass of 39 kDa was determined (theoretical value 38.783 kDa). As known from several other mammalian PDEs, size-exclusion chromatography using refolded PDE7A1(147-482-His) indicated the formation of dimers. The purified enzyme was soluble at concentrations up to 100 microg/ml. A further increase of protein concentration resulted, however, in precipitation of the enzyme.
