ABSTRACT
Evaluation and optimization of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic data plays an important role in drug discovery and development and several reliable in vitro ADME models are available. Recently higher throughput in vitro ADME screening facilities have been established in order to be able to evaluate an appreciable fraction of synthesized compounds. The ADME screening process can be dissected in five distinct steps: (1) plate management of compounds in need of in vitro ADME data, (2) optimization of the MS/MS method for the compounds, (3) in vitro ADME experiments and sample clean up, (4) collection and reduction of the raw LC-MS/MS data and (5) archival of the processed ADME data. All steps will be described in detail and the value of the data on drug discovery projects will be discussed as well. Finally, in vitro ADME screening can generate large quantities of data obtained under identical conditions to allow building of reliable in silico models.
Subject(s)
Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/standards , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Pharmaceutical Preparations/metabolism , Animals , Computer Simulation , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Pharmacokinetics , Quality ControlABSTRACT
The metabolism and disposition of varenicline (7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,10-methano-6H-pyrazino[2,3-h][3]benzazepine), a partial agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor for the treatment of tobacco addiction, was examined in rats, mice, monkeys, and humans after oral administration of [14C]varenicline. In the circulation of all species, the majority of drug-related material was composed of unchanged varenicline. In all four species, drug-related material was primarily excreted in the urine. A large percentage was excreted as unchanged parent drug (90, 84, 75, and 81% of the dose in mouse, rat, monkey, and human, respectively). Metabolites observed in excreta arose via N-carbamoyl glucuronidation and oxidation. These metabolites were also observed in the circulation, in addition to metabolites that arose via N-formylation and formation of a novel hexose conjugate. Experiments were conducted using in vitro systems to gain an understanding of the enzymes involved in the formation of the N-carbamoylglucuronide metabolite in humans. N-Carbamoyl glucuronidation was catalyzed by UGT2B7 in human liver microsomes when incubations were conducted under a CO2 atmosphere. The straightforward dispositional profile of varenicline should simplify its use in the clinic as an aid in smoking cessation.
Subject(s)
Benzazepines/metabolism , Benzazepines/pharmacokinetics , Quinoxalines/metabolism , Quinoxalines/pharmacokinetics , Administration, Oral , Animals , Area Under Curve , Benzazepines/chemistry , Benzazepines/urine , Carbon Radioisotopes , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Feces/chemistry , Female , Glucuronides/chemistry , Glucuronides/metabolism , Half-Life , Haplorhini , Humans , Male , Mass Spectrometry/methods , Mice , Monosaccharides/chemistry , Monosaccharides/metabolism , Nicotinic Agonists/chemistry , Nicotinic Agonists/metabolism , Nicotinic Agonists/pharmacokinetics , Pentoses/metabolism , Quinoxalines/chemistry , Quinoxalines/urine , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism , Species Specificity , VareniclineABSTRACT
The synthesis, biological activity, and pharmacokinetic profile of novel CCR1 antagonists are described.
