ABSTRACT
Raman spectroscopy is used to detect glutamate in the eye. Glutamate, a by-product of nerve cell death, is an indicator of glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. The Raman spectra of ex vivo whole porcine eyes and individual components (lens, cornea, vitreous) are measured and characterized. Monosodium glutamate is injected into the eyes to simulate disease conditions, and the contribution to the Raman spectrum due to the presence of glutamate is identified. The Raman spectra from the native eye is dominated by vibrational modes from proteins in the lens. An optical system is designed to optimize collection of signal from the vitreous, where the glutamate is located, and reduce the Raman from the lens. Two vibrational fingerprints of monosodium glutamate are detected at 1369 and 1422 cm(-1), although the concentrations are much above physiological concentrations.
Subject(s)
Diabetic Retinopathy/metabolism , Eye/metabolism , Glaucoma/metabolism , Sodium Glutamate/metabolism , Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods , Vitreous Body/metabolism , Animals , Cornea/chemistry , Cornea/drug effects , Cornea/metabolism , Diabetic Retinopathy/chemically induced , Eye/chemistry , Eye/drug effects , Glaucoma/chemically induced , In Vitro Techniques , Lens, Crystalline/chemistry , Lens, Crystalline/drug effects , Lens, Crystalline/metabolism , Sodium Glutamate/administration & dosage , Sodium Glutamate/analysis , Sodium Glutamate/chemistry , Spectrum Analysis, Raman/instrumentation , Swine , Tissue Distribution , Vitreous Body/chemistry , Vitreous Body/drug effectsSubject(s)
Eye Injuries/complications , Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures , Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative/etiology , Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative/surgery , Animals , Humans , Risk Assessment , Scleral Buckling , Vitrectomy , Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative/epidemiology , Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative/physiopathologySubject(s)
Eye Foreign Bodies/physiopathology , Eye Foreign Bodies/surgery , Military Personnel , Visual Acuity , Warfare , Humans , Iran , Iraq , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Removal of the crystalline lens increases the risk of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) by creating changes in the ocular environment that predispose to development of retinal breaks. The evolution of cataract surgery from intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) to extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) and phacoemulsification has reduced the incidence of RD, while advances in vitreoretinal surgery have resulted in improved outcomes when retinal detachment does occur. The incidence of RD varies between 0.4-3.6% for ICCE and between 0.55-1.65% for ECCE. In eyes having undergone phacoemulsification the incidence is similar to those of ECCE and ranges between 0.75-1.65%. In this article the authors review the incidence and risk factors associated with pseudophakic and aphakic RD. The risk factors discussed include pre-operative risk factors such as age, status of the fellow eye and myopia, and surgical risk factors such as vitreous loss, posterior capsular integrity and Nd : YAG capsulotomy.
