ABSTRACT
Fertilised mouse eggs develop the oolemma block to sperm penetration within 1 h. This block makes zona-free eggs at the pronuclear stage (zygotes) fully resistant to sperm penetration. In this study we investigated whether this block can spread--as a result of cell fusion--to the oolemma of eggs that are competent to be penetrated by spermatozoa. Preovulatory (GV) oocytes, ovulated oocytes in metaphase II (MII) and 1-cell parthenotes were fused with zygotes and the hybrid cells inseminated at various intervals after fusion. Sperm penetration was assessed on the basis of the presence of Giemsa-positive sperm heads in the air-dried preparations. The oolemma block to sperm penetration develops in all types of hybrids although at different speeds: it develops fast (2-3 h) in oolemma derived from MII oocytes and artificially activated eggs, and slowly in oolemma derived from GV oocytes. In the GV oocyte-zygote hybrids the time of formation of the block varied: while 50% of cells lost the ability to fuse with sperm by 2 h after fusion, in the remaining cells the block must have developed some time between 5 and 18 h after fusion. How these sperm-induced modifications of the oolemma of fertilised egg spread in the hybrid cell and render the 'virgin' part of oolemma resistant to sperm penetration remains unknown.
Subject(s)
Oocytes/physiology , Parthenogenesis/physiology , Sperm-Ovum Interactions/physiology , Zygote/physiology , Animals , Cell Fusion/physiology , Cell Membrane/physiology , Female , Hybrid Cells/physiology , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Mice , Zona Pellucida/physiologyABSTRACT
Fifty seven cases of bacterial infections subjected to phage therapy were tested for a production of antibodies against the applied bacteriophages. Monoinfections confirmed in 40 patients were caused in majority of cases by pyogenic Staphylococci (29 cases) and rarely by Gram-negative bacteria: Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus and Pseudomonas (11 cases). Polyinfections caused by the above types of bacteria were recorded in 17 cases. The titer of neutralizing and hemagglutinating antibodies was determined before phage therapy, in the 10th day and in some cases in the 21st day of its course. The effect of natural and immune antibodies on the final result of therapy was analyzed.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis , Bacterial Infections/therapy , Bacteriophages/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Bacterial Infections/immunology , Cross Infection/immunology , Cross Infection/therapy , Hemagglutination Tests , Humans , Middle Aged , Neutralization Tests , Suppuration/immunology , Suppuration/therapyABSTRACT
In the years 1981-1986 bacteriophage therapy was applied in 550 cases (100 treated in 1986) of suppurative bacterial infections. Positive results were obtained in 508 cases (92.4%). In 38 cases (6.9%) a transient improvement was observed and in 4 cases (0.7%) phage treatment proved ineffective. Considering that majority of patients (518 cases, 94.2%) were resistant to antibiotic treatment, the results of phage therapy may be regarded as favorable.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Infections/therapy , Bacteriophages , Cross Infection/therapy , Suppuration/therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Bacterial Infections/classification , Bacterial Infections/complications , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross Infection/classification , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Sex Factors , Suppuration/complicationsABSTRACT
The results of phage therapy applied in 114 cases of suppurative bacterial infections in children were analyzed. Positive therapeutic results were obtained in 109 (95.6%) cases. The results confirmed great effectiveness of bacteriophages in the treatment of septic infections, spontaneous or postoperative, caused by pyogenic Staphylococci, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus and Pseudomonas bacteria.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Infections/therapy , Immunotherapy , Staphylococcus Phages/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Bacterial Infections/immunology , Child , Child, Preschool , Clinical Trials as Topic , Female , Gram-Negative Bacteria/immunology , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Staphylococcal Infections/therapy , SuppurationABSTRACT
The results of phage therapy applied in 370 cases of suppurative bacterial infections were analyzed. Positive therapeutic results were obtained in 342 (92.4%) cases. The results obtained confirmed the previous findings on great effectiveness of bacteriophages in the treatment of septic infections, spontaneous or postoperative, caused by pyogenic Staphylococci, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus and Pseudomonas bacteria.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Infections/therapy , Immunotherapy , Staphylococcus Phages/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Bacterial Infections/immunology , Child , Child, Preschool , Clinical Trials as Topic , Female , Gram-Negative Bacteria/immunology , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Sepsis/therapy , Staphylococcal Infections/therapy , SuppurationABSTRACT
Analysis of phage therapy results was carried out on 273 cases of spontaneous and postoperative septic staphylococcal infections. The treatment appeared effective in 254 (93.0%) cases. Detailed analysis of the results obtained in particular disease categories revealed that staphylococcal bacteriophages may be efficiently applied in the treatment of suppurative staphylococcal infections resistant to antibiotics.
Subject(s)
Immunotherapy , Staphylococcal Infections/therapy , Staphylococcus Phages/immunology , Surgical Wound Infection/therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Clinical Trials as Topic , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , SuppurationABSTRACT
The results of phage therapy applied in further 150 cases of suppurative bacterial infections were analyzed. Positive therapeutic results were obtained in 137 cases (91.3%). The results obtained confirmed the previous findings on great effectiveness of bacteriophages in the treatment of septic infections, spontaneous or postoperative, caused by pyo genic Staphylococci, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus and Pseudomonas.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Infections/therapy , Bacteriophages , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Clinical Trials as Topic , Escherichia coli Infections/therapy , Female , Humans , Klebsiella Infections/therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Proteus Infections/therapy , Pseudomonas Infections/therapy , Staphylococcal Infections/therapyABSTRACT
The use of a specific bacteriophage to remove non-phagocytized bacteria from the surface of phagocytic cell membrane made possible more precise determination of a number of phagocytized organisms.
Subject(s)
Bacteriophages/physiology , Cytological Techniques , Phagocytosis , Animals , Guinea Pigs , In Vitro Techniques , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The results of treatment with specific bacteriophages of 184 nosologic units diagnosed in 138 cases as septic bacterial infections, presented in the first part of this report, were submitted to detailed analysis. The results obtained revealed that phage therapy may be successfully applied in the treatment of septic infections induced by Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus and Pseudomonas as well as of the digestive system infections induced by Shigella and Salmonella. They also widened the scope of phage therapy application.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Infections/therapy , Bacteriophages , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Bone Diseases/therapy , Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy , Child , Child, Preschool , Digestive System Diseases/therapy , Ear Diseases/therapy , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Eye Diseases/therapy , Female , Fistula/therapy , Humans , Immune System Diseases/therapy , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Muscular Diseases/therapy , Respiratory Tract Infections/therapy , Sepsis/therapy , Skin Diseases, Infectious/therapy , Urologic Diseases/therapy , Wounds and Injuries/therapyABSTRACT
One hundred and thirty eight septic cases were treated with specific bacteriophages. According to the International Classification of the Diseases (WHO, 1977), the treated cases were divided to 9 categories. Nearly all cases were long-term infections with antibiotic resistant organisms. Only specific bacteriophages were used in association with several types of surgical procedure. The technique of treatment is described. In 129 (93.5%) cases the results were good, in 9 (6.5%) cases local improvement was observed. It is concluded that bacteriophage therapy may be helpful in the treatment of long-term suppurative infections.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Infections/therapy , Bacteriophages , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Child , Child, Preschool , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Sex Factors , Statistics as TopicABSTRACT
This paper reports the results of a study on the morphology, size and homogeneity of the bacteriophages used for typing Staphylococcus aureus. Fifty-five bacteriophages were studied. Preparations for the electron microscope were made directly from lysates or from purified and concentrated bacteriophages, and were contrasted with neutralized phosphotungstic acid (KPT) and examined under an electron microscope at x 40 000 microscopic magnification. The studied bacteriophages differed with regard to size and shape. The bacteriophages were classified into two morphological groups: BI and BIII. In the BI group, there morphological types were distinguished: B14, B15 and B16. Only one morphological type was distinguished in the BIII group, designated by the symbol BIII2. Only lysates of 42C, 70 and D bacteriophages contained virions of two morphological types: BI6 an BIII2. Until now, it is not clear whether the bacteriophages are a mixture of two different virions, or whether they represent variation in the size of their heads. Of the 55 bacteriophages studied, 25 were examined by other investigators. The results showed that of the 25 bacteriophages 5 belonged to different morphological types. It was concluded that the sets of standard bacteriophages should be checked by means of the electron microscope.
Subject(s)
Bacteriophage Typing , Staphylococcus Phages/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron , Staphylococcus aureus/classificationABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to demonstrate antigenic differentiation among bacteriophages belonging to the same morphologic type--CIII1 according to Krzywy and Slopek or A2 according to Ackermann. Twenty-six bacteriophages which multiplied on various strains of bacteria of the genera Escherichia, Shigella and Klebsiella, were studied. Serologic tests were done by the quantitative complement fixation test. Immune sera against 5 phi E. coli. D8 Sh. flexneri, G35 Sh. sonnei and Kl7 Klebsiella bacteriophages were obtained from rabbits. It was shown that bacteriophages of CIII1 morphologic type, with morphologically identical virion had different antigenic specificity. On the basis of results obtained the phages could be divided into eight serologic groups. The bacteriophages for which antisera were obtained belonged to four different serologic groups. All bacteriophages had some common antigens with 5 phi E. coli phage. The similarity points to a phylogenetic relationship among phages of CIII1 morphologic type.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Viral/immunology , Bacteriophages/classification , Antibodies, Viral/analysis , Bacteriophages/immunology , Coliphages/classification , Complement Fixation Tests , Epitopes , Klebsiella/immunology , Serotyping , Shigella/immunology , Virion/classificationSubject(s)
Bacteriophages/ultrastructure , Klebsiella , Lysogeny , Microscopy, Electron , Shigella , Virion/ultrastructureABSTRACT
45 bacteriophages of two morphological groups (CII and CIII) were serologically tested. The results point out the possibility of serological differentiation of bacteriophages within one morphological type. The aim of the undertaken studies was to examine ultrastructure and antigenic differentiation of bacteriophages belonging to CII and CIII morphological groups.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Viral/analysis , Bacteriophages/ultrastructure , Bacteriophages/classification , Bacteriophages/immunology , SerotypingABSTRACT
Lytic activity of morphologically homogeneous phage lysates, obtained from lysates containing morphologically inhomogeneous virions, was studied. Five series of phage lysates found to contain morphologically inhomogeneous virions were investigated. By selecting suitable hosts from each series, two or three lines were obtained which reproduced morphologically homogeneous virions. Morphologic homogeneity of these phage lines was determined by electron microscopy. In the course of this study it was found that phages with different morphologic appearance can produce similar plaques. Hence, appearance of plaques is not an adequate criterion of homogeneity of the phage. The isolated phages differed in biological activity from the original morphologically inhomogeneous bacteriophage. It was concluded that morphology is an important, and the most reliable at present, criterion of homogeneity of bacteriophages.
