State-of-the-art review of the application and development of various methods of aerosol therapy.

Aerosol therapy is a rapidly developing field of science. Due to a number of advantages, the administration of drugs to the body with the use of aerosol therapy is becoming more and more popular. Spraying drugs into the patient's lungs has a significant advantage over other methods of administering drugs to the body, including injection and oral methods. In order to conduct proper and effective aerosol therapy, it is necessary to become familiar with the basic principles and applications of aerosol therapy under various conditions. The effectiveness of inhalation depends on many factors, but most of all on: the physicochemical properties of the sprayed system, the design of the medical inhaler and its correct application, the dynamics of inhalation (i.e. the frequency of breathing and the volume of inhaled air). It is worth emphasizing that respiratory system diseases are one of the most frequently occurring and fastest growing diseases in the world. Accordingly, in recent years, a significant increase in the number of new spraying devices and pharmaceutical drugs for spraying has appeared on the market. It should also be remembered that the process of spraying a liquid is a complicated and complex process, and its efficiency is very often characterized by the use of micro- and macro parameters (including average droplet diameters or the spectrum of droplet diameter distribution). In order to determine the effectiveness of the atomization process and in the delivery of drugs to the patient's respiratory tract, the analysis of the size of the generated aerosol droplets is most often performed. Based on the proposed literature review, it has been shown that many papers dealt with the issues related to aerosol therapy, the selection of an appropriate spraying device, the possibility of modifying the spraying devices in order to increase the effectiveness of inhalation, and the possibility of occurrence of certain discrepancies resulting from the use of various measurement methods to determine the characteristics of the generated aerosol. The literature review presented in the paper was prepared in order to better understand the spraying process. Moreover, it can be helpful in choosing the right medical inhaler for a given liquid with specific rheological properties. The experimental data contained in this study are of great cognitive importance and may be of interest to entities involved in pharmaceutical product engineering (in particular in the case of the production of drugs containing liquids with complex rheological properties).

The thermostated medical jet nebulizer: Aerosol characteristics.

The sudden expansion of gas at the outlet of the jet (pneumatic) nebulizer significantly reduces the temperature of the solution, which may provoke bronchospasm, therefore it is recommended to use modern pneumatic inhalers equipped with a thermostat or a universal thermal attachment that allow to obtain a higher temperature aerosol, i.e. thermo-aerosol. The research was carried out for model Newtonian fluids. The droplet diameters of the aerosol spray were investigated using a Spraytec aerosol particle size measurement system. Analysis of the obtained results showed that the increase in solution viscosity caused a decrease in mean droplet diameters and prolonged nebulization time. The analysis of experimental data made it possible to propose a correlation equation describing the mean diameter of the droplets depending on the properties of the liquid and the flow conditions in the thermostated medical nebulizer. The obtained data contributes to a better understanding of the complex liquid atomisation process and can be helpful in the design of medical nebulizers and pharmaceutical preparations.

[Clinical pattern of secondary dental caries in relation to tissue defect class and type of filling material]. / Obraz kliniczny próchnicy wtórnej w zaleznosci od klasy ubytku i rodzaju materialu wypelniajacego.

The purpose of the study was assessment of the development of secondary caries in relation to filling type in various classes of carietic dental tissue defects. The study was carried out in 320 patients aged 16 to 55 years and 3884 teeth were examined. Out of this material 2423 teeth were filled: with amalgam--853, with silica cement--1197, with composites--373. Secondary caries was found in 1341 teeth (56.34%). In teeth filled with amalgam in classes I and II of carietic defect in women secondary caries was noted in 27.26% and 47.73% of cases respectively. In case of composite filling secondary caries was found in 72.12% and 81.82% of fillings. In class III of carietic defects in women with fillings with composite materials secondary caries developed in 48.8%, and after filling with silica preparations in 55%. In class IV secondary caries was present at 45% of composite fillings and 77.78% of silica cement fillings. In class V secondary caries was found at 11.42% of amalgam fillings and 36.67% of composite fillings, and in 45% at silica cement fillings. Similar values were found in men.

[Treatment of teeth with simple or complicated pulp gangrene by a modified standard method]. / Leczenie zebów z prosta i powiklana zgorzela miazgi zmodyfikowana metoda standardowa.

Using a modification of the standard method 102 teeth with simple or complicated pulp gangrene were treated. The modification of the standard method included insertion of inserts with 10% formalin solution into pulp chamber without introducing any drug into the root canals. The treatment comprised 3-6 visits. During the treatment in 26 cases complications developed after the first visit, and in 7 of them the treatment method was changed. Thirty-five teeth were examined again 1-3 years or more after the treatment. Good results of the treatment, with absence of clinical signs and with complete regeneration of bone structure was obtained in 34 cases.