Challenges in prospective observational studies evaluating pressure ulcer costs: how to price the items correctly.

OBJECTIVE: Pressure ulcers (PUs) are a significant healthcare problem with a negative impact on patients' quality of life and incurring substantial healthcare expenses. Our study aimed to analyse the costs of treating PUs in hospitalised patients in the Czech Republic, in the context of current treatment procedures and price levels, and to pilot-test the detailed methodology developed. METHOD: A prospective, observational, non-interventional study was conducted at the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Medicine, the Internal Medicine Department and the Surgical Department of the University Hospital Ostrava. The study included all hospitalised patients with a PU from March-May 2021. Data were collected using the hospital information system. A bottom-up, person-based approach to cost analysis was used, based on a comprehensive cost structure using accurate patient-specific consumption records. RESULTS: The length of hospitalisations ranged from 1-31 (mean: 12.7) days. The average cost of PU treatment per hospitalisation was calculated at €1579. The average daily cost of PU treatment was €179, including antibiotic therapy (ATB) and €112 without ATB. Most of the costs were associated with ATB (38.6%) and caregivers' time (35.9%). Based on the results, a predictive model was developed to estimate the cost of treating a hospitalised patient with a PU, which could be used in future research to assess the costs of treating these patients. CONCLUSION: We have faced many challenges in the methodology of preparation of cost analysis (e.g., how to count amorphous topical agents and sprays, how to properly identify PUs, how to price the positioning aids and mattresses, and how to relate the ATB treatment to the PU). This analysis provides important input for developing a comprehensive and more accurate methodology for monitoring PU costs in hospitalised patients, applicable in clinical practice for inpatient healthcare providers.

Mortality related to pressure ulcers in Czech Republic - Analyses of national health registries.

BACKGROUND: Pressure ulcers/pressure injuries (PUs/PIs) relate to decreasing quality of life, prolonged hospitalisation, the increased economic cost of care, and increased mortality. That's why this study focused on one of the mentioned factors - mortality. OBJECTIVES: The study analyses national data in the Czech Republic to map the mortality phenomenon comprehensively based on data from national health registries. METHOD: The retrospective, nationwide cross-sectional data analysis of data collected by the National Health Information System (NHIS) has been provided in the period 2010-2019 with a special focus on 2019. Hospitalisations with PUs/PIs were identified by reporting L89.0-L89.9 diagnosis as a primary or secondary hospitalisation diagnosis. We also included all the patients who died in the given year with an L89 diagnosis reported in 365 days prior the death. RESULTS: In 2019, 52.1% of patients with reported PUs/PIs were hospitalised, and 40.8% were treated on an outpatient basis. The most common underlying cause of death mortality diagnosis (43.7%) in these patients was the diseases of the circulatory system. Patients who die in a healthcare facility while hospitalised with an L89 diagnosis generally have a higher category of PUs/PIs than persons who die outside a healthcare facility. CONCLUSION: The proportion of patients dying in a health facility is directly proportional to the increasing PUs/PIs category. In 2019, 57% of patients with PUs/PIs died in a healthcare facility, and 19% died in the community. In 24% of patients who died in the healthcare facility, PUs/PIs were reported 365 days before the death.

How the COVID-19 pandemic influences the prevalence of pressure injuries in the Czech Republic: A nationwide analysis of a health registry in 2020.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 significantly influences the overall patient status and, in severe symptomatology, the ability to move and the low oxygenation of the tissue for the ventilated patient in Intensive Care Units (ICU). There is a higher risk for Pressure injuries (PIs) development. OBJECTIVES: The nationwide analyses of the National health register aimed to compare the prevalence of PIs reported before the pandemic COVID-19 started and during the pandemic in 2020. METHOD: A retrospective, nationwide cross-sectional analysis of data regarding the STROBE checklist collected by the National Health Information System (NHIS), focusing on the PIs reporting based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) diagnoses L89.0-L89.9 for PIs in 2020. The data from the pandemic period of COVID-19 in 2020 were compared to the prevalence of PI cases in the period 2010-2019 in the Czech Republic in all hospitalized patients. RESULTS: The total number of admissions for L89 in 2020 was 14,441, of which 1509 (10.4%) also had COVID-19. In the ICU were 4386 admissions, 12.1% of which also had COVID-19. A higher proportion of PIs is observed in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 than in patients without COVID-19 (2.62% vs 0.81%, respectively 1.05% vs 0.46% when standardized to the 2013 ESP = European Standard Population). In patients hospitalized in ICU, 3.68% with COVID-19 had PIs vs 1.42% without COVID-19 had PIs (1.97% vs 0.81% using the 2013 ESP). CONCLUSION: The national health registers analyses have proven that the prevalence of PIs was higher among patients hospitalized with the SARS-CoV-2 infection.

A ten-year follow-up of the prevalence of pressure injuries in the Czech Republic: Analysis of the National Registry.

The study aims to follow up on the analysis of Pressure injuries (PIs) prevalence conducted between 2007 and 2014 and after the new methodological requirements for PIs surveillance establishment at the national level. A retrospective, nationwide cross-sectional analysis of data regarding the STROBE checklist was collected by the National Health Information System (NHIS). The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) diagnoses L89.0-L89.9 for PIs were used in the period 2010-2019. A total of 264 442 records of patients with diagnoses of L89.0-L89.9 were identified from 2010 to 2019 (26 444 patients per year on average). The numbers are increasing every year, and there is a 40% increase between 2010 and 2019. When comparing recorded PIs, the percentage of PIs occurrence in category I decreased, and the number of PIs in category IV increased in the second analysed period. Still, in absolute numbers, there is an increase across all categories. The age of patients with recorded PIs also rose slightly in the second analysed period. We have proven the PIs prevalence increase in an ageing population.