Associations of types of physical activity with self-rated physical and mental health in Denmark.

The purpose of this article is to analyse the association between types of physical activity and self-rated physical and mental health. The analyses are based on data from a Danish 2020 survey of adults' exercise habits. The questionnaire was answered by 163,131 adults of whom 55 pct. were women and relatively evenly distributed by age. The questionnaire included questions about participation in different types of physical activity, self-rate of physical and mental health and sociodemographic and socioeconomic background. The analysis distinguishes between 16 main types of sports and exercise activities, cycling as a mode of transport, and gardening at home. The statistical analysis consists of ordinal regression, where the association between practicing a certain form of physical activity and self-rated health takes into account the adults other physical activity habits and their socio-economic and socio-demographic background. The analyses show, firstly, that the association, for most types of physical activity, is stronger for self-rated physical health than for self-rated mental health. Secondly, there are large differences in the strength of the association between the different types of physical activity. Thirdly, the association is significantly stronger for those who practise an activity type most days of the week than for those who do it less often. Fourthly, the analyses show small gender differences in the association between types of physical activity and self-rated health. Finally, the more different types of activity a person practises during a week, the better the self-rated health, but this primarily applies to self-rated physical health.

Motives for leisure-time physical activity participation: an analysis of their prevalence, consistency and associations with activity type and social background.

BACKGROUND: Studies argue that knowledge about motives for physical activity participation can inform activities, initiatives and interventions to promote physical activity. However, most of these studies are based on small sample sizes and only include participants within a few selected types of PA. Further, they have not examined the consistency of individuals' motives across different activity types. As a result, this article examines RQ1: the most prevalent motives, RQ2: the association of motives with activity type and social background characteristics, and RQ3: the consistency of motives across different activity types. METHODS: We utilised data from a survey of physical activity participation among 163,000 adult Danes (aged 15 + years). In the survey, the participants were asked about their participation in thirteen activity types and about their motives for practising the activity types they reported to do at least weekly. The motive items were operationalised based on the eight dimensions in the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS). We conducted analyses of mean values and standard deviations as well as multilevel regression analyses. RESULTS: We identified large differences in the importance of different motives for physical activity participation. The three most important motives were psychological condition (M = 4.54), physical condition (M = 4.48) and enjoyment (M = 4.36). We also found significant associations between motives and activity types in particular, but also between motives and social background characteristics (gender, age and educational level). For instance, we found that compared to running, physical condition was a much less important motive in outdoor activities (b = -3.01), activities on water (b = -2.44) and street sports (b = -2.38). Finally, our analysis showed how individuals' motives are not consistent across different activity types. CONCLUSIONS: Our study contributes to the literature on motives for physical activity participation by using a large sample of individuals and by differentiating motives according to a wide range of activity types. The results underline the need to study motives in relation to activity types, as there are large differences in the prevalence of different motives. Our findings suggest that motives are not consistent across activity types, but rather they develop in an interplay between the individual and the activity type practised.

Recreational walking and perceived environmental qualities: a national map-based survey in Denmark.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study is to explore the diversity in recreational walking motives across groups with different sociodemographic characteristics, and to use a dynamic and person-centered approach to geographically assess recreational walking behavior, and preferences for place quality related to recreational walking. METHODS: A total of 1838 adult respondents (age 15-90 years), who engage in recreational walking, participated in the map-based survey. We used the online platform Maptionnaire to collect georeferenced information on the respondents' home location, other start locations for walking trips, and point of interest on their trips. Distance between home location and other start locations as well as point of interest were computed using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Additional information on recreational walking behavior and motives were collected using the traditional questionnaire function in Maptionnaire. RESULTS: The most prevalent motives for walking were mental well-being and physical health, together with enjoyment and experiences related to walking. Having a tertiary education was positively associated with mental well-being motive, experiences, and taking the dog and the children outside. Income was also positively associated with experiences and walking the dog together with enjoyment of walking and spending time with others. Using the map-based approach, we found that recreational walking often starts at a location away from home and is not limited to the nearest neighborhood. A total of 4598 points of interest were mapped, and the most frequently reported place qualities were greenery, water, wildlife, good views, and tranquility. CONCLUSION: We used a dynamic and person-centered approach and thereby giving the respondents the opportunity to point to relevant locations for their walking behavior independently of their residential neighborhood. Recreational walking often starts away from home or is not limit to the nearest neighborhod. The median distance from home to the mapped points of interests was between 1.0 and 1.6 km for home-based trips and between 9.4 and 30.6 km for trips with other start locations. The most popular place quality related to the mapped points were greenery, water, wildlife, good views, and tranquility.

Loss of subsurface particulate and truly dissolved phosphorus during various flow conditions along a tile drain-ditch-brook continuum.

Subsurface losses of colloidal and truly dissolved phosphorus (P) from arable land can cause ecological damage to surface water. To gain deeper knowledge about subsurface particulate P transport from inland sources to brooks, we studied an artificially drained lowland catchment (1550 ha) in north-eastern Germany. We took daily samples during the winter discharge period 2019/2020 at different locations, i.e., a drain outlet, ditch, and brook, and analyzed them for total P (TPunfiltered), particulate P >750 nm (TP>750 nm), colloidal P (TPcolloids), and truly dissolved P (truly DP) during baseflow conditions and high flow events. The majority of TPunfiltered in the tile drain, ditch, and brook was formed by TP>750 nm (54 to 59 %), followed by truly DP (34 to 38 %) and a small contribution of TPcolloids (5 to 6 %). During flow events, 63 to 66 % of TPunfiltered was present as particulate P (TP>750 nm + TPcolloids), whereas during baseflow the figure was 97 to 99 %; thus, truly DP was almost negligible (1 to 3 % of TPunfiltered) during baseflow. We also found that colloids transported in the water samples have their origin in the water-extractable nanocolloids (0.66 to 20 nm) within the C horizon, which are mainly composed of clay minerals. Along the flow path there is an agglomeration of P-bearing nanocolloids from the soil, with an increasing importance of iron(III) (hydr)oxides over clay particles. Event flow facilitated the transport of greater amounts of larger particles (>750 nm) through the soil matrix. However, the discharge did not exhaust colloid mobilization and colloidal P was exported through the tile-drainage system during the complete runoff period, even under baseflow conditions. Therefore, it is essential that the impact of rainfall intensity and pattern on particulate P discharge be considered more closely so that drainage management can be adjusted to achieve a reduced P export from agricultural land.

Tomography of a Number-Resolving Detector by Reconstruction of an Atomic Many-Body Quantum State.

The high-fidelity analysis of many-body quantum states of indistinguishable atoms requires the accurate counting of atoms. Here we report the tomographic reconstruction of an atom-number-resolving detector. The tomography is performed with an ultracold rubidium ensemble that is prepared in a coherent spin state by driving a Rabi coupling between the two hyperfine clock levels. The coupling is followed by counting the occupation number in one level. We characterize the fidelity of our detector and show that a negative-valued Wigner function is associated with it. Our results offer an exciting perspective for the high-fidelity reconstruction of entangled states and can be applied for a future demonstration of Heisenberg-limited atom interferometry.

A Novel Approach for the Quantification of Different Inorganic and Organic Phosphorus Compounds in Environmental Samples by P L2,3-Edge X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) Spectroscopy.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for life on Earth, with an important and oftentimes unaccounted organic biogeochemical component. Current methods for the quantification of different organic P compounds in environmental samples (e.g., soils, sediments) are based on extraction techniques and often associated with incomplete P recovery or sample changes. In this study, we present a protocol for the quantification of different organic and inorganic P species in soils using synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the P L2,3-edge. Its accuracy and precision was evaluated by analyzing 40 standard mixtures composed of seven different inorganic and organic P compounds (with a mean of R2 = 0.85). In addition, we quantified the P species of two soils and two agro-industrial byproducts using P L2,3-edge XANES spectroscopy and the results were compared with those obtained by P K-edge XANES or 31P NMR spectroscopy. Using the P L2,3-edge, we identified different organic P species, including those not identified by the common P K-edge XANES. However, there is a consistent underestimation of organic polyphosphates. Overall, the application of P L2,3-edge XANES provides a higher level of information than by P K-edge XANES, although the ubiquitous use of this novel methodology is still limited to samples with a phosphorus content above 3 mg g-1.

Land use change from permanent rice to alternating rice-shrimp or permanent shrimp in the coastal Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Changes in the nutrient status and binding forms.

Saline water intrusion has become a severe threat in the coastal areas of Mekong delta of Vietnam, though offering farmers the option to diversify their land use, and switching, for instance, from permanent rice to alternating rice-shrimp systems or even to permanent shrimp systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the respective impacts on soil salinity, nutrient status and their binding forms. Hence, we sampled the topsoils (cultivation layer, 0-15 cm) from 10 permanent rice systems and the rice platforms of 10 alternating riceshrimp systems. Furthermore, the sludges and the soils 10 cm underneath of the sludges from the ditches of the alternating rice-shrimp as well as from ponds of the permanent shrimp systems were sampled in Ben Tre and Sóc Trang provinces, Vietnam, respectively. The samples were analyzed regarding their electric conductivity, total and plant-available nutrient contents. To reveal possible changes in nutrient binding forms, sequential P and S extraction, 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and S and P X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy were applied. The results showed that permanent and alternating shrimp cultivation lead to elevated salt concentrations but also improved the overall nutrient status relative to the permanent rice management and especially in the sludges relative to the soils underneath. The continued deposition of shrimp and feed debris promoted the accrual of stable, Ca- and Mg-associated P forms as well as of P-monoesters, whereas the S forms were depleted in thiophene S groups but enriched in sulfides relative to permanent rice fields. As effects by alternating rice-shrimp management were intermediate, this management has more potential to serve as a no-regret strategy for farmers to remain flexible in their response to climate changes and concurrent salinity intrusion relative to permanent shrimp production, which requires strict maintenance of adequate salinity levels also during the rainy season.

Investigation of the Prediction Accuracy of a Finite Element Analysis Model for the Coating Thickness in Cross-Wedge Rolled Coaxial Hybrid Parts.

The Collaborative Research Centre 1153 (CRC 1153) "Process chain for the production of hybrid high-performance components through tailored forming" aims to develop new process chains for the production of hybrid bulk components using joined semi-finished workpieces. The subproject B1 investigates the formability of hybrid parts using cross-wedge rolling. This study investigates the reduction of the coating thickness of coaxially arranged semi-finished hybrid parts through cross-wedge rolling. The investigated parts are made of two steels (1.0460 and 1.4718) via laser cladding with hot-wire. The rolling process is designed by finite element (FE)-simulations and later experimentally investigated. Research priorities include investigations of the difference in the coating thickness of the laser cladded 1.4718 before and after cross-wedge rolling depending on the wedge angle ß , cross-section reduction Δ A , and the forming speed ν . Also, the simulations and the experimental trials are compared to verify the possibility of predicting the thickness via finite element analysis (FEA). The main finding was the ability to describe the forming behavior of coaxially arranged hybrid parts at a cross-section reduction of 20% using FEA. For a cross-section reduction of 70% the results showed a larger deviation between simulation and experimental trials. The deviations were between 0.8% and 26.2%.

Short-term impacts of forest clear-cut on soil structure and consequences for organic matter composition and nutrient speciation: A case study.

Clear-cuts of forests severely affect soil structure and thus soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrient cycling dynamics therein, though with yet unknown consequences for SOM composition as well as phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) chemical form within the soil microaggregate size fraction. To determine the effects of conventional clear-cutting on soil chemistry in a Cambisol of the Wüstebach Forest (northwestern Germany), we sampled the mineral A- and B-horizons prior to clear-cut as well as 10 and 24 month thereafter. We measured the SOM composition of soil microaggregates using pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS), as well as P and S chemical form and speciation using wet-chemical extractions and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. We found that clear-cut led to an increase of the microaggregate size fraction up to 6% due to break-down of macroaggregates and initially significantly increased total elemental concentrations (C, N, P, S) due to the introduction of slash-residues. The SOM of slash-residues consisted to a substantial amount of sterols and was generally found to be of low thermal stability and probably did not contribute to aggregate stability. Deterioration of the aggregate structure probably led to an exposure of originally inaccessible sites within aggregates to the attack by soil microorganisms and thus to an increased P and S turnover as reflected in a significantly reduction of available P proportions (4 to 7%) and a reduction of the most reduced S forms (5%). A probable increased microbial activity and contribution to SOM after clear-cut is also reflected in the significantly increasing hexose:pentose ratio by 0.25 between 10 and 24 month after clear-cut, significantly increasing the general thermal stability of SOM in the microaggregate size fraction and believed to contribute to aggregate stability. This indicated that a first deterioration of the aggregate structure after clear-cut might in the long-term be remediated with time.

Bone char vs. S-enriched bone char: Multi-method characterization of bone chars and their transformation in soil.

To decrease environmental impacts from usage of mineral P fertilizers based on rock phosphate, alternative P fertilizers are urgently necessary but have to be critically evaluated for their characteristics and behaviour or effects in soil. For this reason, bone char (BC) and S-enriched BC (BCplus), original and after one vegetation period in soil, were analysed by wet chemical analyses and XANES spectroscopy. According to X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, both chars were dominated by P bound in hydroxyapatite, which was well reflected by wet chemical P fractionation, where Ca-P was the dominant fraction. Sulfur fractionation of both chars confirmed low percentages of sulfate-S according to XANES analysis but failed to detect elemental S in BCplus. Because S concentrations in BCplus were comparable to that of activated carbon used for biogas desulfurization and sorbed S was dominantly elemental S, BC seems to be well suited for biogas desulfurization. After one year in soil the disappearance of more easily soluble Ca(H2PO4)·2H2O and strongly reduced proportions of sulfates and sulfonates in soil-BCplus compared to BCplus pointed to considerable advantages of BCplus over BC. Taking into consideration the acidic pH of BCplus, the high Ca, P, and S concentrations and the expected microbial induced "in situ digestion" of BC by oxidation of elemental S, it can be concluded that a cascade usage of BC as biogas adsorber and following subsequent usage of BCplus as S/P/Ca/Mg (multi-element) fertilizer could be an alternative to mineral fertilizers based on rock phosphate. The agronomic efficiency and detailed application guidelines must be derived from established and currently running longer-term plot and field experiments.

Recycled Products from Municipal Wastewater: Composition and Effects on Phosphorus Mobility in a Sandy Soil.

Recycled products from wastewater may contain high concentrations of phosphorus (P) and are thus promising alternative fertilizers. However, to better predict their P fertilizer efficiency and potential for P leaching, investigations on P forms and P mobility in soil are essential. In this study, different recycled products-an untreated sewage sludge ash (SSA), an HSO-digested SSA, four thermochemically treated SSAs (two Mg-SSAs and two Ca-SSAs), and struvite-were investigated using a combination of wet chemical methods and P K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy concerning their composition and their effects on P sorption in a sandy soil in comparison to triple superphosphate. Most of the P in the SSAs was associated with Ca in stable P fractions. The lowest P values in labile fractions (HO-P, NaHCO-P) were found for the untreated SSA and struvite. However, the addition of struvite resulted in an immediate increase in the bioavailable P fractions and the degree of P saturation in soil after only 1 d of incubation. This suggests a high P fertilizer potential for struvite but also a risk of P losses. Among the SSAs, the two Mg-SSAs increased the bioavailable P fractions in soil the most, whereas the lowest values were measured after application of the untreated SSA. Our results demonstrate that chemical analyses of recycled P products may involve the risk of misjudging the fertilizer quality when performed alone, without considering the behavior of these products in soil.

The impact of chemical pollution on the resilience of soils under multiple stresses: A conceptual framework for future research.

Soils are faced with man-made chemical stress factors, such as the input of organic or metal-containing pesticides, in combination with non-chemical stressors like soil compaction and natural disturbance like drought. Although multiple stress factors are typically co-occurring in soil ecosystems, research in soil sciences on this aspect is limited and focuses mostly on single structural or functional endpoints. A mechanistic understanding of the reaction of soils to multiple stressors is currently lacking. Based on a review of resilience theory, we introduce a new concept for research on the ability of polluted soil (xenobiotics or other chemical pollutants as one stressor) to resist further natural or anthropogenic stress and to retain its functions and structure. There is strong indication that pollution as a primary stressor will change the system reaction of soil, i.e., its resilience, stability and resistance. It can be expected that pollution affects the physiological adaption of organisms and the functional redundancy of the soil to further stress. We hypothesize that the recovery of organisms and chemical-physical properties after impact of a follow-up stressor is faster in polluted soil than in non-polluted soil, i.e., polluted soil has a higher dynamical stability (dynamical stability=1/recovery time), whereas resilience of the contaminated soil is lower compared to that of not or less contaminated soil. Thus, a polluted soil might be more prone to change into another system regime after occurrence of further stress. We highlight this issue by compiling the literature exemplarily for the effects of Cu contamination and compaction on soil functions and structure. We propose to intensify research on effects of combined stresses involving a multidisciplinary team of experts and provide suggestions for corresponding experiments. Our concept offers thus a framework for system level analysis of soils paving the way to enhance ecological theory.

Innovative methods in soil phosphorus research: A review.

Phosphorus (P) is an indispensable element for all life on Earth and, during the past decade, concerns about the future of its global supply have stimulated much research on soil P and method development. This review provides an overview of advanced state-of-the-art methods currently used in soil P research. These involve bulk and spatially resolved spectroscopic and spectrometric P speciation methods (1 and 2D NMR, IR, Raman, Q-TOF MS/MS, high resolution-MS, NanoSIMS, XRF, XPS, (µ)XAS) as well as methods for assessing soil P reactions (sorption isotherms, quantum-chemical modeling, microbial biomass P, enzymes activity, DGT, 33P isotopic exchange, 18O isotope ratios). Required experimental set-ups and the potentials and limitations of individual methods present a guide for the selection of most suitable methods or combinations.

Solid-phase cadmium speciation in soil using L3-edge XANES spectroscopy with partial least-squares regression.

Cadmium (Cd) has a high toxicity and resolving its speciation in soil is challenging but essential for estimating the environmental risk. In this study partial least-square (PLS) regression was tested for its capability to deconvolute Cd L(3)-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of multi-compound mixtures. For this, a library of Cd reference compound spectra and a spectrum of a soil sample were acquired. A good coefficient of determination (R(2)) of Cd compounds in mixtures was obtained for the PLS model using binary and ternary mixtures of various Cd reference compounds proving the validity of this approach. In order to describe complex systems like soil, multi-compound mixtures of a variety of Cd compounds must be included in the PLS model. The obtained PLS regression model was then applied to a highly Cd-contaminated soil revealing Cd(3)(PO(4))(2) (36.1%), Cd(NO(3))(2)·4H(2)O (24.5%), Cd(OH)(2) (21.7%), CdCO(3) (17.1%) and CdCl(2) (0.4%). These preliminary results proved that PLS regression is a promising approach for a direct determination of Cd speciation in the solid phase of a soil sample.

Spatial distribution of arsenic and heavy metals in willow roots from a contaminated floodplain soil measured by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.

Under changing redox conditions some plants create plaques at their root surface, which may affect the mobility and uptake of As and heavy metals but it is unknown to what extent this also holds true for willows in contaminated floodplain soils. Therefore, willow roots were sampled from a phytoremediation trial in the contaminated floodplain of the river Elbe (Germany), cryofixed, freeze-dried, and cross sections were mapped for the distribution of As, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, S and Zn by synchrotron based X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The elements Ca, Cu, Ni, S and Zn were concentrated in the aerenchymatic tissue, and not associated with Fe and Mn. Mixed Fe-Mn plaques covered the surface of the willow roots and As was accumulated in these plaques. The observed association pattern between As and Fe was explained by the different sorption/desorption properties of As(III) and As(V). The Cu and Zn intensities were not associated with the intensity of Fe in the plaque, which seems to be a willow-specific difference compared to other wetland plants. These results suggested that willows are especially suited to stabilize low-phytoextractable elements like Cu and As in their roots and rhizosphere. Thus, short rotation coppicing of willows may be a practical approach to mitigate the adverse effects of floodplain soil contamination.