Testosterone Reduces Myelin Abnormalities in the Wobbler Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motoneuron degenerative disease that is associated with demyelination. The Wobbler (WR) mouse exhibits motoneuron degeneration, gliosis and myelin deterioration in the cervical spinal cord. Since male WRs display low testosterone (T) levels in the nervous system, we investigated if T modified myelin-relative parameters in WRs in the absence or presence of the aromatase inhibitor, anastrozole (A). We studied myelin by using luxol-fast-blue (LFB) staining, semithin sections, electron microscopy and myelin protein expression, density of IBA1+ microglia and mRNA expression of inflammatory factors, and the glutamatergic parameters glutamine synthetase (GS) and the transporter GLT1. Controls and WR + T showed higher LFB, MBP and PLP staining, lower g-ratios and compact myelin than WRs and WR + T + A, and groups showing the rupture of myelin lamellae. WRs showed increased IBA1+ cells and mRNA for CD11b and inflammatory factors (IL-18, TLR4, TNFαR1 and P2Y12R) vs. controls or WR + T. IBA1+ cells, and CD11b were not reduced in WR + T + A, but inflammatory factors' mRNA remained low. A reduction of GS+ cells and GLT-1 immunoreactivity was observed in WRs and WR + T + A vs. controls and WR + T. Clinically, WR + T but not WR + T + A showed enhanced muscle mass, grip strength and reduced paw abnormalities. Therefore, T effects involve myelin protection, a finding of potential clinical translation.

Effects of metformin on behavioral alterations produced by chronic sucrose consumption in male rats.

Excessive consumption of sugary drinks negatively impacts the developing brain, producing long-lasting behavioral and metabolic disorders. Here, we study whether treatment with the antihyperglycemic agent metformin prevents some of the anxiety and memory alterations produced by chronic sucrose consumption. Male Sprague-Dawley rats had unrestricted access to water (control group) and a bottle containing a 10% sucrose solution (sucrose group, SUC) for 35 days. In parallel, a group of animals from SUC received metformin (25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg, orally; MET 25 and MET 50 groups, respectively). After 2 weeks of metformin treatment, the animals weighed less than controls. SUC and MET 50 groups compensated for the caloric intake from the sugary solution by consuming less chow. In contrast, total energy intake in MET 25 was higher than the rest of the groups, but they still weighed less than control and SUC groups, suggesting that at this concentration, metformin delays body growth. The animals were then tested for the open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM) and novel object location (NOL) tests. In the OF, SUC animals spent more time in the central zone of the arena, evidenced by an increased number of entries and the distance traveled there. In the EPM, SUC animals spent more time in the open arms and less time in the central square. Metformin treatment prevented the decreased anxiety observed in SUC animals in the OF and EPM. In the NOL test, SUC animals showed less interest in novelty and metformin treatment did not improve this alteration. The preference for open spaces in the OF and EPM were associated with increased serum triglycerides (TG) and malondialdehyde levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the hippocampus (HIP), while poor memory performance was associated with high basal blood glucose levels. In conclusion, the decreased anxiety-like behavior produced by chronic sucrose consumption was prevented by metformin treatment, through a mechanism that probably involves normalization of TG levels and decreased oxidative stress in mPFC and HIP.

Ultra-High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Tessaria absinthioides (Hook. & Arn.) DC. (Asteraceae) and Antioxidant and Hypocholesterolemic Properties.

Recently, we reported the chemical profile and the hypocholesterolemic effects of a decoction of Tessaria absinthioides (Hook. & Arn.) DC. (Asteraceae). In this study, we evaluated a methanolic extract (METa) instead. Metabolite profiling was conducted using ultra-high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS), identifying thirty compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, fatty acids, and phorbolesters. Antioxidant properties were assessed through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes (ILP) assays, exhibiting robust antioxidant activity. The in vivo impact of METa on serum lipid parameters and liver X receptors (LXRs) was evaluated in a hypercholesterolemic animal model. After 14 days on a high-fat diet, male rats received either a vehicle (V) or METa100, METa200 or METa500 (100; 200 and 500 mg METa/kg animal, respectively) for an additional two weeks. METa500 reduced total cholesterol levels (17.62%; p < 0.05) and all doses increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (METa100: 86.27%; METa200: 48.37%, and METa500: 29.42%; p < 0.0001). However, METa did not alter LXRs expression. The observed antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic properties of METa may be linked to the presence of six di-caffeoylquinic acids. These findings underscore T. absinthioides as a potential candidate for the treatment of metabolic disease.

Long-Term Memory Function Impairments following Sucrose Exposure in Juvenile versus Adult Rats.

We previously described that excessive consumption of sucrose during youth produces fear memory and anxiety-like behavior in adulthood. Here, we evaluated whether high cognitive function is also affected by studying early sucrose consumption in object recognition memory (NOR). Male Sprague Dawley rats were tested for short-term, long-term, and consolidated NOR after 25 days of unlimited sucrose access in juvenile (PD 25-50) or adult age (PD 75-100). All rats spent equal time exploring the two objects during the sample phase T1. When animals were exposed for 2, 24 h or 7 days later to a copy of the objects presented in T1 and a novel object, the sucrose-exposed juvenile group failed to distinguish between the familiar and the novel objects in contrast with the rest of the groups. Sucrose-exposed animals developed hypertriglyceridemia and glucose intolerance, but juvenile animals showed increased fasting glycemia and sustained the glucose intolerance longer. Moreover, sucrose decreased hippocampal proBDNF expression in juveniles while it was increased in adults, and sucrose also increased RAGE expression in adults. The NOR exploration ratio correlated negatively with basal glycemia and positively with proBDNF. Taken together, these data suggest that sucrose-induced alterations in glucose metabolism may contribute to a long-term decline in proBDNF and impaired recognition memory.

Treatment adherence under the foucauldian perspective: knowledge/powers in tuberculosis control manuals in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate which knowledge emerges in the Tuberculosis Control Manuals and how power relations are established for treatment adherence. METHOD: Documentary and qualitative research on five Manuals published between 2002 and 2019, available on the Ministry of Health's Website, based on Michel Foucault's theoretical and methodological framework. RESULTS: 1. Knowledge: emerges as human resource training; health surveillance actions; medicalization; and multifunctionality of nurses in addressing the social determinants of tuberculosis. 2. Power relations: occur through articulation between different subjects and establish disciplines on the body and the behavior of the person undergoing treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Certain knowledge/powers constitute the actions of treatment adherence to tuberculosis treatment and normalize the "correct/true" way of conducting disease control. Such behaviors refer to self-responsibility, autonomy and empowerment of the subject and do not consider the countless conditions of vulnerability existing in the history of people with tuberculosis.

Progesterone and Allopregnanolone Neuroprotective Effects in the Wobbler Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Progesterone regulates a number of processes in neurons and glial cells not directly involved in reproduction or sex behavior. Several neuroprotective effects are better observed under pathological conditions, as shown in the Wobbler mouse model of amyotrophic laterals sclerosis (ALS). Wobbler mice are characterized by forelimb atrophy due to motoneuron degeneration in the spinal cord, and include microgliosis and astrogliosis. Here we summarized current evidence on progesterone reversal of Wobbler neuropathology. We demonstrated that progesterone decreased motoneuron vacuolization with preservation of mitochondrial respiratory complex I activity, decreased mitochondrial expression and activity of nitric oxide synthase, increased Mn-dependent superoxide dismutase, stimulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor, increased the cholinergic phenotype of motoneurons, and enhanced survival with a concomitant decrease of death-related pathways. Progesterone also showed differential effects on glial cells, including increased oligodendrocyte density and downregulation of astrogliosis and microgliosis. These changes associate with reduced anti-inflammatory markers. The enhanced neurochemical parameters were accompanied by longer survival and increased muscle strength in tests of motor behavior. Because progesterone is locally metabolized to allopregnanolone (ALLO) in nervous tissues, we also studied neuroprotection by this derivative. Treatment of Wobbler mice with ALLO decreased oxidative stress and glial pathology, increased motoneuron viability and clinical outcome in a progesterone-like manner, suggesting that ALLO could mediate some progesterone effects in the spinal cord. In conclusion, the beneficial effects observed in different parameters support the versatile properties of progesterone and ALLO in a mouse model of motoneuron degeneration. The studies foresee future therapeutic opportunities with neuroactive steroids for deadly diseases like ALS.

Treatment adherence under the foucauldian perspective: knowledge/powers in tuberculosis control manuals in Brazil / Adhesión Terapéutica bajo la mirada foucaultiana: conocimientos/poderes en Manuales de Control de Tuberculosis en Brasil / Adesão terapêutica sob o olhar foucaultiano: saberes/poderes nos Manuais de Controle da Tuberculose no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective Investigate which knowledge emerges in the Tuberculosis Control Manuals and how power relations are established for treatment adherence. Method Documentary and qualitative research on five Manuals published between 2002 and 2019, available on the Ministry of Health's Website, based on Michel Foucault's theoretical and methodological framework. Results 1. Knowledge: emerges as human resource training; health surveillance actions; medicalization; and multifunctionality of nurses in addressing the social determinants of tuberculosis. 2. Power relations: occur through articulation between different subjects and establish disciplines on the body and the behavior of the person undergoing treatment. Conclusions Certain knowledge/powers constitute the actions of treatment adherence to tuberculosis treatment and normalize the "correct/true" way of conducting disease control. Such behaviors refer to self-responsibility, autonomy and empowerment of the subject and do not consider the countless conditions of vulnerability existing in the history of people with tuberculosis.

RESUMEN Objetivo Investigar qué conocimientos surgen en los Manuales de Control de la Tuberculosis y qué relaciones de poder se instituyen para la adherencia terapéutica. Método Investigación documental, cualitativa, que analizó cinco Manuales publicados entre 2002 y 2019, disponible en el sitio web del Ministerio de Salud, desde el marco teórico y metodológico de Michel Foucault. Resultados 1. Conocimiento: la formación de recursos humanos; acciones de vigilancia de la salud; medicalización; y multifuncionalidad de las enfermeras para abordar los determinantes sociales de la tuberculosis. 2. Relaciones de poder se dan a través de la articulación entre diferentes sujetos y disciplinas del instituto sobre el cuerpo y el comportamiento de la persona a tratar. Conclusiones Ciertos conocimientos/poderes constituyen las acciones de adherencia terapéutica al tratamiento de la tuberculosis y normalizan la forma "correcta/verdadera" de realizar el control de la enfermedad. Tales comportamientos responden a la autorresponsabilidad, autonomía y empoderamiento del sujeto y no toman en cuenta las innumerables situaciones de vulnerabilidad existentes en la historia de las personas con tuberculosis.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar quais saberes emergem nos Manuais de Controle da Tuberculose e como as relações de poder são instituídas para adesão terapêutica. Método Pesquisa documental, qualitativa, que analisou cinco manuais publicados entre 2002 e 2019, disponíveis no Website do Ministério da Saúde, a partir do referencial teórico metodológico de Michel Foucault. Resultados 1. Saberes: a capacitação de recursos humanos; ações de vigilância em saúde; medicalização; e multifuncionalidade dos enfermeiros no enfrentamento dos determinantes sociais da tuberculose. 2. Relações de poder: se articulam entre diferentes sujeitos e instituem disciplinas sobre o corpo e o comportamento da pessoa em tratamento. Conclusões Determinados saberes/poderes constituem as ações de adesão terapêutica ao tratamento da tuberculose e normalizam a forma "correta/verdadeira" de se conduzir o controle da doença. Tais condutas remetem à autorresponsabilização, autonomia e empoderamento do sujeito, mas não levam em consideração as inúmeras condições de vulnerabilidade existentes no histórico das pessoas com tuberculose.

Memorials of nursing professors, foucault and adriana varejão: approaches in ethical-aesthetic essay / Memoriales de los profesores de enfermería, foucault y adriana varejão: aproximaciones en un ensayo ético-estético / Memoriais de docentes de enfermagem, foucault e adriana varejão: aproximações em pesquisa-ensaio ético-estética

ABSTRACT Objective to conduct an essay ethically and aesthetically about writing academic memorials as a way of constituting full subjects in a Brazilian Nursing School. Method this is an ethical-aesthetic essay. A theoretical-methodological framework was used from the perspective of Foucaultian studies of intertextuality, together with reproduction of works by Adriana Varejão. We also used documentary sources from 16 memorials of full professors at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Nursing School, written between 2012 and 2020. Results writing academic memorials is a practice of constituting subjects who tell the truth about themselves. We are inspired by artistic works by Brazilian Adriana Varejão as an approximation to the field of art, already known for its possibility of creation. The teaching-care place, nurse-caregiver, nurse and professor are places of production of truth about themselves. On the other hand, other identities, such as sanitarian and anthropologist in and of health, make up the paintings. Such productions of truths about themselves, in the academic ritual of ownership, produce acts of knowledge and power in which subjects who write become what they claim to be in their testimony and, in the opening of the ocular extirpation, this image is shown and proliferated to those who approach it. Conclusion writing works as clothes worn by such subjects, in their best sewing. In the memorials, the aim is to reinforce the place of knowing and knowing about herself and about how she became a full professor, so as not to break the situation or to operate surgically in her way of seeing.

RESUMEN Objetivo ensayar ético-estéticamente sobre la redacción de memoriales académicos como forma de constituir sujetos titulares en una escuela de enfermería brasileña. Método ensayo ético-estético. Se utilizó un referencial teórico-metodológico desde la perspectiva de los estudios foucaultianos, de la intertextualidad, junto con la reproducción de obras de Adriana Varejão. También se utilizaron fuentes documentales de 16 memoriales de profesores de la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, escritos entre 2012 y 2020. Resultados la redacción de memoriales académicos es una práctica de constitución de sujetos que dicen la verdad sobre sí mismos. Nos inspiramos en las obras artísticas de la artista brasileña Adriana Varejão como una aproximación al campo del arte, ya conocida por su posibilidad de creación. El lugar de enseñanza-cuidado, enfermero-cuidador, enfermero y docente son lugares de producción de verdad sobre sí mismos. Por otro lado, otras identidades, como la de sanitario y antropólogo en y de la salud, conforman los encuadres. Tales producciones de verdades sobre uno mismo, en el ritual académico de la propiedad, producen actos de saber y poder en los que el sujeto que escribe se vuelve lo que pretende ser en su testimonio y, en la apertura de la extirpación ocular, esta imagen Conclusión obras de escritura como ropa usada por tales temas, en su mejor costura. En los memoriales, el objetivo es reforzar el lugar del conocimiento; saber de sí misma y cómo llegó a ser profesora titular, para no romper la situación ni operar quirúrgicamente su forma de ver.

RESUMO Objetivo ensaiar ética-esteticamente acerca da escrita de memoriais acadêmicos como modo de constituição de sujeitos titulares numa escola de enfermagem brasileira. Método ensaio ético-estético. Utilizou-se marco teórico-metodológico sob perspectiva dos estudos foucaultianos, da intertextualidade, em conjunto com reprodução de obras de Adriana Varejão. Utilizou-se também fontes documentais de 16 memoriais de docentes titulares da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, escritos entre 2012 e 2020. Resultados a escrita de memoriais acadêmicos é uma prática de constituição de sujeitos que dizem a verdade sobre si mesmos. Inspiramo-nos em obras artísticas da brasileira Adriana Varejão como aproximação ao campo da arte, já conhecido por sua possibilidade de criação. O lugar docente-assistencial, enfermeira-assistencial, enfermeira e docente são lugares de produção de verdade sobre si. Em contrapartida, outras identidades, como sanitarista e antropóloga na e da saúde, compõem os quadros. Tais produções de verdades acerca de si, no ritual acadêmico da titularidade, produzem atos de saber e poder nos quais o sujeito que escreve se torna o que afirma ser em seu testemunho e, na abertura da extirpação ocular, mostra-se e se prolifera esta imagem a quem se aproxima. Conclusão a escrita funciona como vestimentas que trajam tais sujeitos, em sua melhor costura. Nos memoriais, busca-se reforçar o lugar de saber; saber sobre si e sobre como se tornou professora titular, de modo a não romper o quadro ou de operar cirurgicamente em seu modo de vista.

Recurrent autoimmune hypophysitis treated with rituximab: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune hypophysitis is a rare condition that often results in enlargement of the pituitary gland and hypopituitarism due to inflammatory infiltration. Management of autoimmune hypophysitis can include long-term hormonal replacement and close control of the inflammatory pituitary mass. Mass-related symptoms in patients with autoimmune hypophysitis are treated with anti-inflammatory therapy, surgery, and/or radiotherapy. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a 25-year-old White man with visual field defects of the right eye, headache, and weight loss. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a sellar mass, and the patient underwent transcranial surgery. Histopathology revealed autoimmune hypophysitis with predominantly CD20 positive B-cell infiltration. Progression of visual field defects necessitated postoperatively anti-inflammatory treatment with prednisolone. Azathioprine was initiated under gradual tapering of prednisolone with stable conditions at first, but relapse followed after dose reduction. Therefore, rituximab treatment was initiated, which resulted in regression of the pituitary mass. Rituximab treatment was discontinued after 25 months. The patient has continuously been in remission for 4 years after rituximab treatment was stopped. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates that rituximab might be an effective alternative treatment in B-cell predominant autoimmune hypophysitis.

Heroines in Covid-19 times: visibility of nursing in the pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the visibility of Nursing workers through images, which circulated in the media during the Covid-19 pandemic. METHODS: Cultural analysis that aims to articulate the image and its effects with theories from authors in the field of Cultural Studies. RESULTS: Six figures were selected in which nurses are portrayed as heroines to fight Covid-19 and are promoted from supporting actor to main character, combining the care strategy with the scientific discourse of defense of social isolation. The images portray them as women who face labor suffering from strenuous work and prolonged use of personal protective equipment. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The pandemic, has highlighted speeches related to health work, where we see images of nurses as heroines who organize the chaos and bring order to the "frontline", making the idealization of Nursing visible.

Tessaria absinthioides (Hook. & Arn.) DC. (Asteraceae) Decoction Improves the Hypercholesterolemia and Alters the Expression of LXRs in Rat Liver and Hypothalamus.

Chronic high-fat diet consumption induces hypercholesterolemia. The effect of Tessaria absinthioides (Hook. & Arn.) DC. (Asteraceae) was studied on the levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and triglycerides, and on the expression of liver X receptors (LXRs) in a hypercholesterolemic model. Adult male rats received a normal diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD; normal diet + bovine fat + cholesterol). After 14 days, rats received water (W) or a decoction of the aerial parts of T. absinthioides (Ta; 10% w/v) for 2, 4, or 6 weeks. Four and six weeks of Ta improved the levels of TC and HDL-c in HFD. After 6 weeks of Ta, the expression of LXRs in HFD was the same as that in ND in both tissues. The Ta chemical profile was studied with an ultrahigh resolution liquid chromatography Orbitrap MS analysis (UHPLC-PDA-OT-MS/MS). Fifty-one compounds were identified, of which twelve are reported for the first time. Among these compounds, caffeoylquinic acid and its derivatives could modify the lipid profile and the expression of LXRs. This is the first in vivo report of T. absinthioides, which may be a potential candidate against hypercholesterolemia.

Heroines in Covid-19 times: nursing visibility in the pandemic / Heroínas en tiempos de Covid-19: visibilidad de la enfermería en la pandemia / Heroínas em tempos de Covid-19: visibilidade da enfermagem na pandemia

Objective: To analyze the visibility of Nursing workers through images, which circulated in the media during the Covid-19.Methods: Cultural analysis that aims to articulate the image and its effects with theories from authors in the field of Cultural Studies.Results: Six figures were selected in which nurses are portrayed as heroines to fight Covid-19 and are promoted as an adjunct to the main character, combining the care strategy with the scientific discourse of the social isolation. The images portray them as women who face labor suffering from strenuous work and prolonged use of personal protective equipment.Final considerations: The pandemic, has highlighted speeches relates to health work, where we see images of nurses as heroines who organize chaos and bring order to the "front line", making the idealization of Nursing visible.

Objetivo: Analizar la visibilidad de los trabajadores/as de Enfermería a través de imágenes, que circularon en los medios durante la pandemia del Covid-19.Métodos: Análisis cultural que tiene como objetivo articular la imagen y sus efectos con teorías de autores en el campo de los Estudios Culturales.Resultados: Se seleccionaron seis figuras en las que se retrata a las enfermeras como heroínas de la lucha contra el Covid-19 y se promocionan como complemento del protagonista, conjugando la estrategia asistencial con el discurso científico de la defensa del aislamiento social. Las imágenes las retratan como mujeres que enfrentan el sufrimiento laboral por realizar un trabajo arduo y el uso prolongado de equipo de protección personal.Consideraciones finales: La pandemia ha destacado discursos relacionados con el trabajo en salud, donde vemos imágenes de enfermeras como heroínas que organizan el caos y ponen orden en la "primera línea", visibilizando la idealización de la Enfermería.

Objetivo: Analisar a visibilidade de trabalhadores/as de Enfermagem através de imagens, que circularam na mídia durante a pandemia da Covid-19.Métodos: Análise cultural que visa articular a imagem e seus efeitos com teorizações de autores do campo dos Estudos Culturais.Resultados: Foram selecionadas seis figuras nas quais enfermeiras são retratadas como heroínas para combater a Covid-19 e são promovidas de coadjuvante à personagem principal, aliando a estratégia de cuidado ao discurso científico da defesa do distanciamento social. As imagens as retratam enquanto mulheres que enfrentam sofrimento laboral por executarem trabalhos extenuantes e uso prolongado de equipamentos de proteção individual. Considerações finais: A pandemia tem colocado em evidência discursos referentes ao trabalho em saúde, onde vemos imagens de enfermeiras como heroínas que organizam o caos e trazem a ordem à "linha de frente", ficando visível a idealização da Enfermagem.

MICHEL FOUCAULT THOUGHT DIFFUSION IN BRAZILIAN NURSING / A DIFUSÃO DO PENSAMENTO DE MICHEL FOUCAULT NA ENFERMAGEM BRASILEIRA

Objective: To describe and analyze the diffusion of Michel Foucault´s thinking in Brazilian Nursing. Method: Review conducted in 4 databases, which found 1335. articles. After applying the criteria, 78 productions were selected, which operate the concepts of Foucault as a workmode. Results: The articles are published in Brazilian and foreign journals, being a Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem the jornal that most published articles. The first article was published in 1989, noting the grown of publications thas diffuse Michel Foucault´s thinking in Nursing. The largest proportion of research was developed in the professional nursing research line. The most used Foucaultian tools were power and knowledge-power relations. For the Foucaultian domains, specify the use of concepts from the archaelogical and genealogical phases simultaneosly. Final considerations: Michel Foucault is an author whosetools have the power to explore various angles of work in nursing.

Objetivo: Descrever e analisar a difusão do pensamento de Michel Foucault na Enfermagem brasileira. Método: Revisão realizada em 4 bases de dados, onde foram encontrados 1.335 artigos. Após a aplicação dos critérios foram selecionadas 78 produções, que operam conceitos de Foucault como modo de trabalho. Resultados: O primeiro artigo foi publicado em 1989, constatando-se o crescimento das publicações que difundem o pensamento de Michel Foucault na Enfermagem. A maior proporção das pesquisas foi desenvolvida na linha de pesquisa profissional na enfermagem. As ferramentas foucaultianas mais utilizadas foram poder e relações de saber-poder. Quanto aos domínios foucaultiano, destaca-se a utilização de conceitos das fases arqueológicas e genealógicas, em simultaneidade. Considerações finais: Michel Foucault é um autor cujas ferramentas têm potência para explorar diversos ângulos do trabalho na Enfermagem.

Long-term effects of the glucocorticoid receptor modulator CORT113176 in murine motoneuron degeneration.

The Wobbler mouse spinal cord shows vacuolated motoneurons, glial reaction, inflammation and abnormal glutamatergic parameters. Wobblers also show deficits of motor performance. These conditions resemble amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Wobbler mice also show high levels of corticosterone in blood, adrenals and brain plus adrenal hypertrophy, suggesting that chronically elevated glucocorticoids prime spinal cord neuroinflammation. Therefore, we analyzed if treatment of Wobbler mice with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist CORT113176 mitigated the mentioned abnormalities. 30 mg/kg CORT113176 given daily for 3 weeks reduced motoneuron vacuolation, decreased astro and microgliosis, lowered the inflammatory mediators high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), p50 subunit of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor, and interleukin 18 (IL18) compared to untreated Wobblers. CORT113176 increased the survival signal pAKT (serine-threonine kinase) and decreased the death signal phosphorylated Junk-N-terminal kinase (pJNK), symptomatic of antiapoptosis. There was a moderate positive effect on glutamine synthase and astrocyte glutamate transporters, suggesting decreased glutamate excitotoxicity. In this pre-clinical study, Wobblers receiving CORT113176 showed enhanced resistance to fatigue in the rota rod test and lower forelimb atrophy at weeks 2-3. Therefore, long-term treatment with CORT113176 attenuated degeneration and inflammation, increased motor performance and decreased paw deformity. Antagonism of the GR may be of potential therapeutic value for neurodegenerative diseases.

Cuidados ao final da vida no domicílio: considerações sobre o Brasil e a França / Cuidado al final de la vida a domicilio: consideraciones sobre Brasil y Francia / End-of-life care at home: considerations about Brazil and France

Ensaio teórico, oriundo de reflexões tecidas em duas pesquisas, realizadas entre 2012 e 2017. Tem-se como objetivo discutir a inserção do domicílio como um espaço de cuidado nas políticas públicas para o final da vida, no Brasil e na França. Para tal, foi realizada leitura interessada de documentos que normatizam a organização dos serviços que atendem pessoas em cuidados paliativos, de ambos os países. Os documentos que respaldaram a análise foram: no contexto brasileiro, a Portaria n° 825, de 25 de abril de 2016, que redefine a atenção domiciliar no âmbito do sistema de saúde; e, no cenário francês, o Plano Trienal de Cuidados Paliativos (2015-2018). Para nortear as análises recorreu-se a autores vinculados à Antropologia Social e aos Estudos Culturais. Vislumbra-se que a partir dos anos 2000 o domicílio passa a ser elemento central para a efetivação das políticas públicas de saúde, especialmente aquelas que visam organizar o atendimento e o cuidado às pessoas com doenças crônicas e em cuidados paliativos. Trata-se de uma forma menos onerosa em termos econômicos para o Estado e que tende a acolher as expectativas de pacientes e familiares na busca do conforto e de formas menos dolorosas de enfrentar o final da vida

Ensayo teórico, oriundo de reflexiones desarrolladas en dos investigaciones que se llevaron a cabo entre 2012 y 2017. El objetivo es discutir la inserción del domicilio como un espacio de cuidado en las políticas públicas para el final de la vida, en Brasil y en Francia. A tal fin, se hizo la lectura interesada de documentos que normalizan la organización de los servicios que atienden a personas en cuidados paliativos de ambos países. Los documentos que sustentaron el análisis fueron: en el contexto brasileño, la Ordenanza no. 825, del 25 de abril de 2016, que redefine la atención domiciliaria en el ámbito del sistema de salud; y, en el escenario francés, el Plan Trienal de Cuidados Paliativos (2015-2018). Los análisis tuvieron sustentación en autores de la Antropología Social y de los Estudios Culturales. A partir de los años 2000 el domicilio se convierte en el elemento central para el cumplimiento de las políticas públicas de salud, especialmente aquellas que apuntan a organizar la atención y el cuidado a las personas con enfermedades crónicas y en cuidados paliativos. Se trata de una forma menos costosa en términos económicos para el Estado y que tiende a acoger las expectativas de pacientes y familiares en la búsqueda del confort y de formas menos dolorosas de enfrentar el final de la vida

It is a theoretical essay derived from considerations developed in two researches carried out between 2012 and 2017. The objective is discussing the insertion of the domicile as a caring space within public policies regarding the end of life in Brazil and in France. For this purpose, reading documents that regulate the organization of services addressed to persons undergoing palliative care in both countries was performed with peculiar interest. The documents that supported the analysis were: from the Brazilian context, Ordinance no. 825/2016; and, from the French scenario, the Triennial Plan for Palliative Care (2015 -2018). To guide the analysis, the source referrals were authors linked to Social Anthropology and Cultural Studies. Since the years 2000, the home became a central element for the implementation of public health policies, especially those aimed at organizing the care towards people with chronic diseases and in palliative care. It is an approach with less economic costs for the State while it tends to meet the expectations of patients and families in the search for comfort and less painful ways to face the end of life

(End of) Life spaces: an ethnographic study in Brazilian and French homes and medical-social institutions.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the constitution of homes and medical-social establishments as possible spaces for the end of life in Brazilian and French scenarios. METHOD: An ethnographic study in homes and medical-social establishments carried out in Porto Alegre and Grenoble, between October 2014 and October 2016. Participants were six people with end-of-life cancer and four family caregivers. Data was submitted to cultural analysis. RESULTS: We showed how the (re)configurations of the home space and the medical-social establishments occur to receive people at end-of-life stage by two categories: "They don't know where I live": the home as a space for the end of life and "They are good here, but in another way": care in medical-social settings. CONCLUSIONS: The (re)definition of the space where we die takes place based on the culture, besides the social and economic conditions of the families to receive the person at the end of life. In both spaces, home and medical-social establishments, we found that sickness and the end of life are still cross-permeated and signified according to the knowledge of health, in such a way that it continues to medicalize death and the dying process, even outside the hospital.

High-Fat Diets and LXRs Expression in Rat Liver and Hypothalamus.

Disturbances on lipid metabolism are associated with health disorders. High-fat diets (HFDs) consumption promotes cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases where cholesterol plays an important role. Among regulators of this steroid homeostasis, the liver X receptors (LXRs) induce genes that protect cells from cholesterol overload. We previously described how both hypothalamic LXRα and LXRß are sensitive to a high-fructose diet, suggesting that these receptors trigger responses related to control of energy and food intake. The present work's main objective was to study the effect of different HFDs on LXRs expression (in hypothalamus and liver), and lipid profile. Male rats received control diet (CD), HFD1 (CD + bovine fat (BF)), HFD2 (CD + BF + cholic acid (CA)), HFD3 (CD + BF + cholesterol), or HFD4 (CD + BF + CA + cholesterol) for different time periods. Hypothalamic LXRß, both hepatic LXRs subtypes, and total cholesterol (TC) raised after 2 weeks of HFDs. Four and 8 weeks of HFD3 and HFD4 increased the LXRs subtypes in both tissues and TC levels. Only HFD4 reduced triglycerides (TG) levels after 2 and 8 weeks. The TC and TG values correlated significantly with LXRs expression only in rats fed with HFD4. These data add relevant information about how diet composition can produce different scales of hypercholesterolemia states accompanied with central and peripheral changes in the LXRs expression.

Sucrose exposure in juvenile rats produces long-term changes in fear memory and anxiety-like behavior.

Sugar consumption has increased dramatically in our society, a phenomenon that is primarily associated with obesity and diabetes appearance. However, whether this overconsumption of sugar has an impact on the developing CNS remains unknown. This study investigated the long-term effects of unlimited access to sucrose using the two-bottle choice paradigm and the juvenile and adult effects were compared. Male Sprague Dawley rats had free access to water containing 10% sucrose and water during youth (PD 25-50) or adulthood (PD 75-100). Rats in the sucrose group, privileged to take sugary solution over the water. No weight differences were observed between the sucrose groups and their age-matched water controls. After treatment all animals drank only water for another 25 days. Frustration, measured as the amount of water drank after the sucrose period, was higher in young-exposed animals compared to adults. In addition, rats that consumed sucrose during youth travelled less the central zones of an open field. Sucrose consumption during youth also affected fear behavior as animals exhibited impaired extinction of fear memory compared to control, indicating that prefrontal and hippocampal function is impaired. In contrast, rats exposed to sucrose during adulthood did not behave significantly different from control on either task. The calretinin and parvalbumin GABAergic interneurons go through extensive remodeling during youth in the medial prefrontal cortex and the ventral hippocampus. Here, we found that rats exposed to sucrose during youth presented an increased expression of calretinin-immunoreactivity in the medial prefrontal cortex, but not in the ventral hippocampus, indicating that early sucrose consumption produces enduring effects on the GABA system. Altogether these results indicate that sugar overconsumption at early stages of life induces long-term effects on behaviors related to fear and anxiety in adulthood.

Severe Uncontrolled Maternal Hyperglycemia Induces Microsomia and Neurodevelopment Delay Accompanied by Apoptosis, Cellular Survival, and Neuroinflammatory Deregulation in Rat Offspring Hippocampus.

Maternal diabetes constitutes an unfavorable intrauterine environment for offspring development. Although it is known that diabetes can cause brain alterations and increased risk for neurologic disorders, the relationship between neuroimmune activation, brain changes, and neurodevelopment deficits in the offspring remains unclear. In order to elucidate the short- and long-term biological basis of the developmental outcomes caused by the severe uncontrolled maternal hyperglycemia, we studied apoptosis, neurogenesis, and neuroinflammation pathways in the hippocampus of neonates and young rats born to diabetic dams. Diabetes was induced on gestational day 5 by an injection of streptozotocin. Evaluations of milestones, body growth, and inhibitory avoidance were performed to monitor the offspring development and behavior. Hippocampal modifications were studied through cellular survival by BrdU in the dentate gyrus, expression of apoptosis-regulatory proteins (procaspase 3, caspase 3, and Bcl-2), BDNF, and neuroinflammatory modulation by interleukins, MHC-I, MHC-II, Iba-1, and GFAP proteins. Severe maternal diabetes caused microsomia and neurodevelopmental delay in pups and decrease of Bcl-2, procaspase 3, and caspase 3 in the hippocampus. Moreover, in a later stage of development, it was found an increase of TNF-α and a decrease of procaspase 3, caspase 3, MHC-I, IL-1ß, and BDNF in the hippocampus, as well as impairment in cellular survival in the dentate gyrus. This study showed significant short- and long-term commitments on the development, apoptosis, cell survival, and neuroinflammation in the offspring hippocampus induced by severe uncontrolled maternal hyperglycemia. The data reinforce the need for treatment of maternal hyperglycemic states during pregnancy and breast-feeding.

It possible to die at home? Analysis of the brazilian and french scenarios / ¿es posible morir en el domicilio? Análisis de los escenarios brasileños y francés / É possível morrer no domicílio? Análise dos cenários brasileiro e francês

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe and analyze the challenges and the possibilities of the return to the home in palliative care in the Brazilian and French scenarios. Method: ethnographic study conducted in two hospitals, homes and medical-social establishments. Six people in palliative care, four family members and eight health professionals participated in the study. The data were organized through discursive mapping and analyzed from a cultural and Foucaultian perspective. Results: to present the results, two categories were elaborated: Strategies for hospital discharge in palliative care and between the family, the state and justice: barriers to return home. It is evident that, in Brazil and in France, the return to the home is an event that faces resistance from the families. This fact is mainly related to the cultural conceptions that hospital palliative care units are places capable of providing comfort at the end of life, and difficult access to home care programs and services. In both countries, due to the complexity of hospital discharge, families and managers judicialize this process. Conclusion: the return to the home in palliative care depends on the way death is signified in a culture, the family settings and the existence or not of a network of palliative care in the health systems of each country.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir y analizar los desafíos y las posibilidades del retorno al domicilio en cuidados paliativos en los escenarios brasileño y francés. Método: estudio etnográfico realizado en dos hospitales, domicilios y establecimientos médico-sociales. Participaron en la investigación seis personas en cuidados paliativos, cuatro familiares y ocho profesionales de salud. Los datos fueron organizados por medio de mapeamiento discursivo y analizados bajo la perspectiva cultural y foucaultiana. Resultados: para la presentación de los resultados se elaboraron dos categorías: Estrategias para el alta hospitalaria en cuidados paliativos y entre la familia, el Estado y la Justicia: trabas para el retorno al domicilio. Se evidencia que, en Brasil y en Francia, el retorno al domicilio es un evento que enfrenta resistencia por parte de las familias. Este hecho se relaciona principalmente con las concepciones culturales de que unidades hospitalarias de cuidados paliativos son los locales capaces de proporcionar confort al final de la vida, y con el difícil acceso a programas y servicios de atención domiciliaria. En ambos países, en razón de la complejidad del alta hospitalaria, familias y gestores judicializan ese proceso. Conclusión: el retorno a domicilio en cuidados paliativos depende del modo en que la muerte es significada en determinada cultura, de las configuraciones familiares y de la existencia o no de una red de cuidados paliativos en los sistemas de salud de cada país.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever e analisar os desafios e as possibilidades do retorno ao domicílio em cuidados paliativos nos cenários brasileiro e francês. Método: estudo etnográfico realizado em dois hospitais, domicílios e estabelecimentos médico-sociais. Participaram da pesquisa seis pessoas em cuidados paliativos, quatro familiares e oito profissionais de saúde. Os dados foram organizados por meio de mapeamento discursivo e analisados sob a perspectiva cultural e foucaultiana. Resultados: para apresentação dos resultados foram elaboradas duas categorias: Estratégias para a alta hospitalar em cuidados paliativos e Entre a família, o Estado e a Justiça: entraves para o retorno ao domicílio. Evidencia-se que, no Brasil e na França, o retorno ao domicílio é um evento que enfrenta resistência por parte das famílias. Tal fato relaciona-se principalmente com as concepções culturais de que unidades hospitalares de cuidados paliativos são os locais capazes de proporcionar conforto no final da vida, e com o difícil acesso a programas e serviços de atenção domiciliar. Em ambos os países, em razão da complexidade da alta hospitalar, famílias e gestores judicializam esse processo. Conclusão: o retorno ao domicílio em cuidados paliativos depende do modo como a morte é significada em determinada cultura, das configurações familiares e da existência ou não de uma rede de cuidados paliativos nos sistemas de saúde de cada país.