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1.
BMJ Open ; 5(11): e009107, 2015 Nov 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26537499

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Opportunities for men having sex with men (MSM) to meet each other have very much improved by new communication technologies. Meeting venue-based characteristics can impact how many partners are met and how much sexual risk is taken. We analysed the association between physical and virtual venues and the risk for bacterial sexually transmitted infections (bSTIs) among participants in an MSM online survey. METHODS: Data were collected during 2013/2014 with a survey targeting MSM living in Germany. The impact of the meeting place with the last non-steady anal sex partner on diagnosis with a bSTI in the previous year was analysed using bivariate and multivariate regression analysis, taking into account self-reported HIV status, serostatus communication, condom use, partner number, age and city size. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 8878 respondents (7799 not diagnosed with HIV; 1079 diagnosed with HIV). Meeting partners online was most common (62% HIV-/51% HIV+), followed by sex venues (11% HIV-/25% HIV+); other venues were each reported by 2-6% of the respondents. Venue-dependent proportions reporting bSTIs in the recent year were 2-4 folds higher among men diagnosed with HIV. In multivariate analysis, HIV status was the strongest predictor for bSTIs (OR=5.0; 95% CI 2.8 to 8.7). Compared with meeting partners online, sex (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.0 to 2.5) and social venues (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.4 to 2.6) were associated with increased bSTI risk for men not diagnosed with HIV, but the risk when meeting partners by smartphone apps was only of borderline significance (OR 1.5; 95% CI 0.9 to 2.3). For men diagnosed with HIV, bSTI risk increased for sex venues (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.1), and was lower for non-gay/other venues (OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.1 to 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: Venues are connected to social-behavioural facets of corresponding sexual encounters, and may be important arenas for differential HIV and STI education, treatment and prevention.


Subject(s)
Bacterial Infections/epidemiology , Homosexuality, Male , Sexual Partners , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Internet , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Risk Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires
2.
Neuroscience ; 280: 73-87, 2014 Nov 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25220899

ABSTRACT

The rat femoral nerve is a valuable model allowing studies on specificity of motor axon regeneration. Despite common use of this model, the functional consequences of femoral nerve lesions and their relationship to precision of axonal regeneration have not been evaluated. Here we assessed gait recovery after femoral nerve injuries of varying severity in adult female Wistar rats using a video-based approach, single-frame motion analysis (SFMA). After nerve crush, recovery was complete at 4 weeks after injury (99% of maximum 100% as estimated by a recovery index). Functional restoration after nerve section/suture was much slower and incomplete (84%) even 20 weeks post-surgery. A 5-mm gap between the distal and proximal nerve stumps additionally delayed recovery and worsened the outcome (68% recovery). As assessed by retrograde labeling in the same rats at 20 weeks after injury, the anatomical outcome was also dependent on lesion severity. After nerve crush, 97% of the femoral motoneurons (MNs) had axons correctly projecting only into the distal quadriceps branch of the femoral nerve. The percentage of correctly projecting MNs was only 55% and 15% after nerve suture and gap repair, respectively. As indicated by regression analyses, better functional recovery was associated with higher numbers of correctly projecting MNs and, unexpectedly, lower numbers of MNs projecting to both muscle and skin. The data show that type of nerve injury and repair profoundly influence selectivity of motor reinnervation and, in parallel, functional outcome. The results also suggest that MNs' projection patterns may influence their contribution to muscle performance. In addition to the experiments described above, we performed repeated measurements and statistical analyses to validate the SFMA. The results revealed high accuracy and reproducibility of the SFMA measurements.


Subject(s)
Femoral Nerve/injuries , Femoral Nerve/physiopathology , Gait/physiology , Motor Neurons/physiology , Nerve Regeneration/physiology , Recovery of Function/physiology , Animals , Axons/pathology , Axons/physiology , Cell Count , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Femoral Nerve/pathology , Motor Activity/physiology , Motor Neurons/pathology , Nerve Crush , Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques , Quadriceps Muscle/innervation , Quadriceps Muscle/pathology , Quadriceps Muscle/physiopathology , Rats, Wistar , Regression Analysis , Severity of Illness Index , Suture Techniques , Time Factors , Video Recording
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