Direct duplication of the Y chromosome with normal phenotype - incidental finding in two cases.

Structural rearrangement in the Y chromosome is closely involved in spermatogenesis. However, several Y chromosome variants may have no deleterious effects on male reproduction. Here, we report two cases of Y chromosomal duplication from incidental findings. Their FISH analysis revealed direct duplication of large segments of short and long arms of the Y chromosome. Nearly two intact Y chromosomes were carried in these two cases with normal phenotype.

A processing strategy for automated Papanicolaou smear screening.

A multilayer processing strategy was developed for the automatic screening of conventionally prepared Papanicolaou smears. The processing stages include image segmentation, feature extraction, object classification and slide classification. Mathematical morphology functions were implemented in hardware with custom-built gate array processors for image segmentation. There were 68 features used for classifier training. In object classification we combined the evidential supports of a binary decision tree classifier and a multilayer perceptron classifier to achieve an integrated decision. In this feasibility study, 449 conventionally prepared cervical Papanicolaou smears were tested in a prototype research system between January and May 1991. The 95% confidence interval for the slide false-negative rate was 1-9%, and the 95% confidence interval for the slide sort rate was 45-55%. The estimated sort rate for clearly normal slides is within the range required for a cost-efficient screening system, and the estimated false-negative rate for premalignant and malignant smears is an improvement over published false-negative rates for human performance. Several performance improvement efforts are still under way. We expect that they will result in a vastly reduced slide false-negative rate.