Catalysis research of relevance to carbon management: progress, challenges, and opportunities.

The goal of the "Opportunities for Catalysis Research in Carbon Management" workshop was to review within the context of greenhouse gas/carbon issues the current state of knowledge, barriers to further scientific and technological progress, and basic scientific research needs in the areas of H2 generation and utilization, light hydrocarbon activation and utilization, carbon dioxide activation, utilization, and sequestration, emerging techniques and research directions in relevant catalysis research, and in catalysis for more efficient transportation engines. Several overarching themes emerge from this review. First and foremost, there is a pressing need to better understand in detail the catalytic mechanisms involved in almost every process area mentioned above. This includes the structures, energetics, lifetimes, and reactivities of the species thought to be important in the key catalytic cycles. As much of this type of information as is possible to acquire would also greatly aid in better understanding perplexing, incomplete/inefficient catalytic cycles and in inventing new, efficient ones. The most productive way to attack such problems must include long-term, in-depth fundamental studies of both commercial and model processes, by conventional research techniques and, importantly, by applying various promising new physicochemical and computational approaches which would allow incisive, in situ elucidation of reaction pathways. There is also a consensus that more exploratory experiments, especially high-risk, unconventional catalytic and model studies, should be undertaken. Such an effort will likely require specialized equipment, instrumentation, and computational facilities. The most expeditious and cost-effective means to carry out this research would be by close coupling of academic, industrial, and national laboratory catalysis efforts worldwide. Completely new research approaches should be vigorously explored, ranging from novel compositions, fabrication techniques, reactors, and reaction conditions for heterogeneous catalysts, to novel ligands and ligation geometries (e.g., biomimetic), reaction media, and activation methods for homogeneous ones. The interplay between these two areas involving various hybrid and single-site supported catalyst systems should also be productive. Finally, new combinatorial and semicombinatorial means to rapidly create and screen catalyst systems are now available. As a complement to the approaches noted above, these techniques promise to greatly accelerate catalyst discovery, evaluation, and understanding. They should be incorporated in the vigorous international research effort needed in this field.

[The use of clarithromycin and amoxycillin in pediatric acute otitis media]. / Zastosowanie klarytromycyny i amoxycyliny w ostrym zapaleniu ucha srodkowego u dzieci.

We presented and compared Clarythromycin and Amoxycillin in the treatment of pediatric acute otitis media. We evaluated in 2 groups ther clinical efficacy and safety of Clarythromycin versus Amoxycillin.

[Analysis of facial skeletal fractures in the materials of the department of otolaryngology and maxillofacial surgery at the military hospital of Bydgoszcz]. / Analiza zlaman kosci czesci twarzowej w materiale Klinicznego Oddzialu Otolaryngologicznego z Pododdzialem Chirurgii Szczekowej Wojskowego Szpitala Klinicznego w Bydgoszczy.

The authors analysis 520 patients suffering from maxillofacial fractures who were treated in our department in 1985-1994. Among the causes of maxillofacial fractures the first place is held by beating-51.9%, while 22.9% of cases resulted from traffic accidents. The analysis of traumatic effects has demonstrated that the lower jaw is the most fracture--prone (60%). Summary of treatment procedures towards facial skeletal bone fractures is included.

[Diagnostic and surgical failures in the treatment of lateral and medial cysts and fistulas of the neck]. / Niepowodzenia diagnostyczne i operacyjne w leczeniu torbieli oraz przetok bocznych i srodkowych szyi.

The authors have presented main reasons of failures with diagnosis and surgical treatment of lateral and medial cysts and fistulas of the neck. They have written about four patients with different histopathological diagnosis before and after surgical procedure and about three patients with postoperative recurrence medial cyst of the neck.