New bone-generative effect of Salvia officinalis L. in the expanded midpalatal suture : An in vivo and in vitro study.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of systemic administration of Salvia officinalis Linnaeus (L.) leaf extract on new bone formation in the expanded premaxillary suture in rats in vivo and to examine the antioxidant effects and phenolic profile of Salvia officinalis (SO) leaf and root extracts in vitro. METHODS: Fourteen male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated to two groups: SO group (n = 7) and control group (n = 7). An open-loop spring was attached to the upper incisors of each rat to expand the premaxillae. A 5-day expansion period followed by a 12-day retention period was observed. The rats in the SO group received systemic administration of 20 mg SO/kg/day via the orogastric route for 17 days. Histomorphometric examinations were carried out to examine the amount of new bone formation, number of capillaries, and intensity of inflammatory cell response. Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to examine the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Leaf and root extracts of SO were also analyzed for antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in vitro. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed that the following were higher in the SO group than in the control group: new bone formation, number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, intensity of inflammatory cell response (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages), and number of capillaries. The major compound identified in SO leaf extract was rosmarinic acid, while luteolin derivatives, salvianolic acid F, and medioresinol were also present. CONCLUSIONS: Salvia officinalis L. from leaf extract provided antioxidant effects and stimulated enhanced new bone formation in the expanded midpalatal suture after maxillary expansion in rats.

Effect of salvianolic acid B on new bone formation in the orthopedically expanded suture.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) on new bone formation in the orthopedically expanded premaxillary sutures in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample consisting of Sprague Dawley rats (male, n = 14) was split in half by random selection: the experiment group (Sal B) and the control group. The premaxillary suture of each rat was expanded by bonding an open-loop spring to two maxillary incisors, each end to one tooth. A 5-day expansion period followed by a 12-day retention period was conducted. The 17-day intraperitoneal administration of Sal B was performed daily for the experiment group at a dose of 40 mg/kilo. The trial was completed after sacrificing the rats and dissection of the premaxillae for histological analysis. The amount of new bone, quantity of capillaries and intensity of inflammatory cells were histomorphometrically determined while the quantities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts were determined immunohistochemically. RESULTS: The Sal B group was significantly different from the control group and had greater quantities of new bone, capillaries, inflammatory cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. CONCLUSIONS: Salvianolic acid B displays a positive effect during premaxillary expansion with a greater number of capillaries potentially in association with higher bone formation and improved angiogenesis in rats.

Anatomic Studies on Verbascum pestalozzae Boiss. and Verbascum pycnostachyum Boiss. & Heldr.

OBJECTIVES: The genus Verbascum L. (Scrophulariaceae) known as "sigir kuyrugu" in Anatolia is represented by 248 species, 193 of which are endemic. The flowers contain essential oil, mucilage, and glycosides. Some species of Verbascum have some folkloric uses as expectorants, sedatives, and treatment for dysmenorrhea and rheumatalgia. Its use for healing wounds in animal care has also been reported. In this study, the anatomic structures of root, stem, and leaves of Verbascum pestalozzae Boiss. and Verbascum pycnostachyum Boiss. & Heldr. are given for the first time. According to the results, some of the differences between stem and leaf anatomic features of these species were described and the data were supported by detailed photographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specimens were collected from C3 Antalya: Voucher specimens of V. pestalozzae and V. pycnostachyum were deposited in the Herbarium of the Biology Department, Akdeniz University in Antalya, Turkey and Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University in Eskisehir, Turkey. The materials were identified as V. pestalozzae and V. pycnostachyum using flora of Turkey and the East Aegean islands. For anatomic studies, samples were collected from the natural habitats and kept in 70% alcohol. In the research, root, stem and leaves of mature and flowered plants were used. Investigations were performed on the cross-sections of the root, the flowering stem, and the leaf. The anatomic structures of the species were drawn using a Leitz SM-LUX binocular microscope. All sections were embedded in glycerin gelatin and stained using Sartur reactive, and photographs were taken through a light microscope (Olympus BX51T). RESULTS: The cross sections taken from root, stem, and leaves of V. pestalozzae and V. pycnostachyum were examined and the anatomic features belonging to these plants were determined and compared. CONCLUSION: The anatomic properties belonging to the two species were generally compatible with findings of Metcalfe and Chalk and others signified in the genus. We believe that our results provide additional evidence for taxonomists to help separate the species. The lack of a taxonomic, morphologic, and anatomic study on the species made it important for the systematic introduction of the research.