ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Placental insufficiency is one of the reasons for the reduction of hormone production. Thus, if one of the suspected causes of hypospadias is placental insufficiency, then the neurodevelopmental status of boys with hypospadias may be impaired. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neurodevelopmental status of boys with hypospadias and guide the parents of those who need support to related departments for early intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Boys were divided into two groups, those with hypospadias (group H) and healthy children undergoing traditional circumcision (group C). The parents of the boys completed the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) and ASQ-Social Emotional (SE), both of which are screening instruments for the early identification of developmental and social-emotional problems, respectively. RESULTS: Seventy-eight boys had hypospadias and 59 were admitted for traditional circumcision. The group H had statistically significant more impaired scores than group C in communication, gross motor, and personal-social skill sections. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that hypospadias was the independent predictive factor for communication and personal-social skills. CONCLUSION: Hypospadias and neurologic impairment may share common etiologic factors. Accordingly, physicians should keep in mind that if a boy presents with hypospadias, the possibility of having neurologic impairment is higher than normal population and early intervention has crucial importance. Every boy with hypospadias should be evaluated for neurodevelopmental status.
Subject(s)
Hypospadias , Nervous System Diseases , Placental Insufficiency , Child , Female , Humans , Hypospadias/diagnosis , Hypospadias/etiology , Hypospadias/surgery , Male , Placenta , Pregnancy , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) for Turkish university students. METHOD: A total of 336 (% 61.5) female and 211 (%38.5) male students attending Ankara and Pamukkale Universities participated in the study. The mean age of the participants is 21.55 (SD=1.65) with a range of 18-26. The construct validity is examined by exploratory factor analysis; the criterion related validity is assessed by examining the correlation of the PBI with two instruments namely "The Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI)" and "The Parenting Style Inventory (PSI)". The reliability of the PBI was assessed by Cronbach's Alpha, test-retest and split-half reliability statistics. RESULTS: The factor analysis for Turkish university students yielded two factor solutions for both parents as original PBI. Nevertheless the items related to the controlling behaviors are loaded on the care factor instead of the overprotection as found by Parker et. al. (1979). Thus these two factors are named as care/control and overprotection subscales. Additionaly, PBI is found to demonstrate generally a high level of correlations with PARI and PSI supporting criterion-related validity. Finally, the reliability studies of the PBI demonstrated that it is a highly reliable scale and showed stability for a period of three weeks interval. CONCLUSION: The psychometric properties of the PBI is found to be satisfactory and could be used to assess parental attachment. It is suggested that further studies may illuminate the clinical value of the PBI and quantify parental contribution to psychopathology.
