Predictive value of spinal CSF volume in the preoperative assessment of patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus.

Introduction: The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) remain unclear. Although some prognostic tests recommended in iNPH guidelines should have high sensitivity and high predictive value, there is often no positive clinical response to surgical treatment. Materials and methods: In our study, 19 patients with clinical and neuroradiological signs of iNPH were selected for preoperative evaluation and possible further surgical treatment according to the guidelines. MR volumetry of the intracranial and spinal space was performed. Patients were exposed to prolonged external lumbar drainage in excess of 10 ml per hour during 3 days. Clinical response to lumbar drainage was assessed by a walk test and a mini-mental test. Results: Twelve of 19 patients showed a positive clinical response and underwent a shunting procedure. Volumetric values of intracranial space content in responders and non-responders showed no statistically significant difference. Total CSF volume (sum of cranial and spinal CSF volumes) was higher than previously published. No correlation was found between spinal canal length, CSF pressure, and CSF spinal volume. The results show that there is a significantly higher CSF volume in the spinal space in the responder group (n = 12) (120.5 ± 14.9 ml) compared with the non-responder group (103.1 ± 27.4 ml; n = 7). Discussion: This study demonstrates for the first time that CSF volume in the spinal space may have predictive value in the preoperative assessment of iNPH patients. The results suggest that patients with increased spinal CSF volume have decreased compliance. Additional prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm our results.

First-year nursing students' attitudes towards artificial intelligence: Cross-sectional multi-center study.

AIM: To assess the attitudes of nursing students toward artificial intelligence. BACKGROUND: Possible applications of artificial intelligence-powered systems in nursing cover all aspects of nursing care, from patient care to risk management. Although the final acceptance of artificial intelligence in practice will depend on positive 'nurses' attitudes toward artificial intelligence, those attitudes have gained little attention so far. DESIGN: A cross-sectional multicenter study. METHODS: The study was performed at nursing schools of four Croatian universities, surveying a total of 336 first-year nursing students (response rate 69.7%) enrolled in 2021. A validated instrument, the General Attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence Scale, consisting of 20 Likert-type items, was chosen for the study. Where applicable, the items were contextualized for nursing. Four sub-scales were identified based on the outcomes of the factor analysis. RESULTS: The average attitude score was (mean ± standard deviation) 64.5 ± 11.7, out of a maximum of 100, which was significantly higher than the neutral score of 60.0 (p < 0.001). The attitude towards AI did not differ across the universities and was not associated with students' age. Male students scored slightly higher than their female colleagues. Scores on subscales "Benefits of artificial intelligence in nursing", "Willingness to use artificial intelligence in nursing practice", and "Dangers of artificial intelligence" were favorable of artificial intelligence-based solutions. However, scores on the subscale "Practical advantages of artificial intelligence" were somewhat unfavorable. CONCLUSIONS: First-year nursing students had slightly positive attitudes towards artificial intelligence in nursing, which should make it easier for the new generations of nurses to embrace and implement artificial intelligence systems. Reservations about artificial intelligence in daily nursing practice indicate that nursing students might benefit from education focused specifically on applications of artificial intelligence in nursing.

Experimental Spinal Stenosis in Cats: New Insight in Mechanisms of Hydrocephalus Development.

In our new experimental model of cervical stenosis without inflammation we have tested hypothesis that cranio-spinal communication impairment could lead to hydrocephalus development. Spinal and cranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space separation was obtained with positioning of plastic semiring in epidural space at C2 level in cats. Brain ventricles planimetry, and CSF pressure recording in lateral ventricle (LV) and lumbar subarachnoid space (LSS) were performed in acute and subchronic experiments. In all experiments opening CSF pressures were normal. However, in acute experiments, an infusion of artificial CSF into the LV led to increase of CSF pressure and significant gradient pressure development between LV and LSS due to limited pressure transmission. After 3 or 6 weeks spinal cord atrophy was observed at the site of cervical stenosis, and pressure transmission from LV to LSS was improved as a consequence of spinal tissue atrophy. Planimetry of both the coronal brain slices and the ventricles' surface showed that control ventricular surface was 0.6 ± 0.1% (n = 5), and 1.6 ± 0.2% (n = 4) in animals with subchronic cervical stenosis (P < 0.002). These results support the mentioned hypothesis claiming that CSF volume cranio-spinal displacement impairment could start pathophysiological processes leading to development of hydrocephalus.

Surgical treatment of prolactinomas--our experience.

The dilemma of whether to apply surgical or drug treatment to prolactinomas has been ongoing for the past 30 years. The aim of this study is to compare the early postoperative values of prolactin (PRL) in two groups of patients with prolactinomas: those who underwent primary surgical-treatment, and those who underwent surgery after a dopamine agonist (DA) therapy. We present the results of surgical treatment on a series of 161 patients with prolactinomas. Surgery was the primary treatment in 65 patients, while 96 patients had surgery following a long-term treatment with a DA. All surgically treated prolactinomas were operated in the standard transsphenoidal, microsurgical approach. The criteria for hyperprolactinemia remission was a PRL level under 25 ng/ml. Early normalization of PRL was achieved in 92% of those patients who underwent primary surgical-treatment, yet it was achieved in only 42% of patients who were operated on after receiving a long-term drug treatment with a DA. The highest prevalence of postoperative normalization of PRL was achieved in a group of patients with microadenomas who were primarily operated on (98%). The worst results in postoperative normalization of PRL were found in the group of patients with macroadenomas who received a long-term drug treatment with a DA first. These results show our surgical experience in treating prolactinomas. Using surgical treatment, the best clinical outcome was achieved with microprolactinomas and intrasellar, well-confined macroprolactinomas. Nevertheless, we stress the need of an individualized approach and recommend treatment in multidisciplinary centres for pituitary diseases.

Intraventricular location of metastatic breast carcinoma: a case report.

Intraventricular neoplasms are uncommon central nervous system lesions that account for only 10% of all neoplasms and are unusual location of metastatic breast cancer. A 73-year-old woman with a medical history of breast carcinoma without any signs of metastatic lesions in the liver, lungs or bones and with an intraventricular tumorous lesion found on multislice computed tomography of the brain is presented. Surgery was indicated in order to confirm the diagnosis histologically and to gain local control of the metastasis. The patient was operated on using the neuronavigation guided transcortical approach. The tumor was removed using the Cavitron ultrasonic aspirator. Histopathologic examination revealed a metastatic breast carcinoma. Postoperative irradiation of the whole brain was performed.

Treatment of pineal region lesions: our experience in 39 patients.

The pineal region is the origin of lesions with a highly diverse histopathology. The aim of this study was to present our experience in treating patients with the pineal region lesions. In period between 1990 and 2007, 39 patients with pineal region lesions were operated on at the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital "Sestre milosrdnice", Zagreb, Croatia. The study group consisted of 21 female and 18 male patients with the median age of 24.4 years (4-66 years). Surgery was performed using the infratentorial supracerebellar approach in all patients. The pineal region lesions were removed totally in 23 (58.97%), subtotal in 14 (35.9%) and partially in 2 (5.13%) patients. Pathohistological examination revealed 13 pineocytomas (33.33%), 10 germinomas (25.64%), 7 glial cysts (17.94%), 3 pineoblastomas (7.69%), two pilocytic astrocytomas (7.69%) and one case (2.56%) of papilloma plexus chorioideus, epidermal cyst, yolk sack tumor and ganglioglioma. There was no surgical mortality. Thirteen patients (33.3%) experienced complications in the postoperative period. During the follow-up period that ranged from 3 to 48 months six patients died (15.4%). The infratentorial supracerebellar approach is a safe and effective surgical approach. Benign pineal lesions could be cured with surgery alone. In the case of malignant pineal lesions radical surgical resection allowed determining the exact pathohistological diagnosis and facilitated adjuvant therapy (irradiation and chemotherapy).

Symptomatic sacral perineurial (Tarlov) cysts.

Sacral perineurial (Tarlov) cysts are rare lesions. Over a seven year period 4000 patients underwent surgery for lumbar disk herniation. In three patients neurological symptoms were caused by large sacral perineurial cysts. Methods of choice for diagnosis of Tarlov cysts are lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography myelography. The majority of Tarlov cysts are asymptomatic. In case of large (> or = 1.5 cm) and symptomatic perineurial cyst, as in three patients reported in this article, microsurgical treatment was successful. Although rare, perineurial (Tarlov) cysts must be taken into consideration when approaching to patient with low back and radicular pain. Authors review the medical literature, pathological and pathophysiological features and treatment options of sacral perineurial cysts.

Oblique transsphenoethmoidal approach to the cavernous sinus.

Pituitary adenomas frequently invade the cavernous sinus. The standard transsphenoidal approach does not provide satisfactory visualization of the cavernous sinus structures. The transcranial approach has no advantages, and increases the operative trauma and complications. The oblique transsphenoethmoidal approach, a modified standard transsphenoidal approach, was used to treat 19 patients with pituitary adenomas invading the cavernous sinus. Complete tumor removal was achieved in 15 patients and subtotal removal in 4 patients. The patients tolerated this modified transsphenoethmoidal approach well and the postoperative results were satisfactory. Although the number of patients was too small to allow any statistical analysis, the results, compared with other series, are encouraging.

Reversible "brain atrophy" in patients with Cushing's disease.

During the past 25 years, we came across 60 patients with corticotroph pituitary adenomas and Cushing's disease. Neuroradiological examination showed prominent volume loss of the brain parenchyma, unexpected for the patient's age. This "brain atrophy" appeared to regress after surgical removal of pituitary adenoma and normalization of cortisol level. Observed difference between degree of "brain atrophy" in the Cushing's disease group and in the control group was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The degree of "brain atrophy" correlated well with the duration of Cushing's disease. Partial reversibility of "brain atrophy" was noticed during the 2nd, 3rd and 4th year after surgery and normalization of cortisol level. Increased cortisol level is one of the causative factors in pathogenesis of "brain atrophy". Loss of brain volume is at least partially reversible after normalization of cortisol levels.

Intracranial tumors in adult population of the Varazdin County (Croatia) 1996-2004: a population-based retrospective incidence study.

AIM: To estimate the incidence of intracranial tumors in the adult population of the Varazdin County, Croatia, for the 1996-2004 period. SETTING: Varazdin County General Hospital and four university hospitals in Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. STUDY PERIOD: January 1, 1996 to December 31, 2004. Incident patients: county residents admitted for newly diagnosed intracranial tumors according to the WHO diagnostic criteria. Demographic data were extracted from the 2001 Croatian census. Incidence rates (IRs) per 100,000 person-years (p-y) and annual IRs (per 100,000 persons) were determined and compared as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% CI. RESULTS: For primary intracranial tumors (PITs), IR was 12.1/100,000 p-y (95% CI: 10.3-14.2), comparable in men and women. The highest incidence was recorded for glioblastoma (IR 4.8, 3.7-6.2) and meningioma (IR 3.1, 2.2-4.2). The incidence of PIT was somewhat greater than that of metastatic tumors (IRR 1.58, 95% CI: 1.22-2.05, P < 0.001). Metastatic tumors were more frequent in men than in women, especially metastatic lung tumors (IRR 6.08, 2.32-20.16, P < 0.001). IRs of all PIT taken together, neuroepithelial tumors cumulatively, nonepithelial tumors cumulatively, glioblastoma and meningioma were higher in the population aged > or = 40 vs. population aged < or = 39 (all IRRs with 95% CI greater than 1, P < 0.05 or < 0.001), comparable in men and women. Women were somewhat older than men at the time of diagnosis of PIT: median difference -6 years (95.1% CI: -10 to -1, P < 0.05). Annual IRs for all these tumor categories showed increasing trends over the study period. CONCLUSION: Overall, there was an increasing trend in the incidence of primary intracranial tumors in the Varazdin County. Data did not allow estimation for most of the specific tumor types.

Elimination of phenolsulfonphthalein from the cerebrospinal fluid via capillaries in central nervous system in cats by active transport.

It was recently proposed that organic anions, such as cerebral acidic metabolites and phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP), are eliminated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by diffusion into the central nervous system (CNS) and further by active transport into capillaries. To test this hypothesis, PSP was injected into cisternal CSF and its distribution into various parts of the CNS was measured 1 and 3 h later in control cats and those pretreated with probenecid, which blocks active transport of organic anions into capillaries. PSP in tissue shows an intensive pink color when exposed to 1 N NaOH. Planimetric analysis of color pictures of coronal CNS slices showed that at the first hour, diffusion and distribution of PSP into the CNS in both groups of animals was similar, while at the third hour, a great reduction of PSP distribution in the CNS in control and only a slight reduction in probenecid pretreated cats was observed. The results support the hypothesis that active transport across the capillary wall in the CNS is the main avenue for elimination of cerebral acidic metabolites from both CSF and CNS and in such a way that central homeostasis is maintained.