ABSTRACT
â¢Metastatic invasive ductal carcinoma.â¢IDC metastasis to cervix.â¢Unusual metastasis to cervix.
ABSTRACT
Combination of platinum with topoisomerase-I inhibitors are synergistic. The objectives of this study were to determine MTD range and toxicity profile of combinations of oral 9-nitrocamptothecin (9NC) and intravenous cisplatin in patients with refractory solid tumors. Each course was 28 days starting on day 1 with cisplatin, and then 9NC daily for 5 days/week for three weeks. A new two arm crossing design was created: patients in arm 1 were treated with at the single agent recommended dose of cisplatin (50 mg/m(2)), and increasing doses of 9NC and in arm 2 with the single agent recommended dose of 9NC (1.5 mg/day) and increasing dose of cisplatin. Once a dose limiting toxicity was observed, the dose of the escalated drug was decreased by one level, and the fixed-dose drug was then escalated. A 3 + 3 design was used. Eligibility criteria were standard for a phase I trial. Pharmacokinetics was performed. Eighteen patients were treated on Arm 1, 3 at the crossing level, and 33 on Arm 2. Dose limiting toxicities were gastrointestinal at the crossing dose level. After crossing, prolonged grade 3 thrombocytopenia was the DLT in arm 1, and grade 4 neutropenia in Arm 2. Only one patient with ovarian cancer had a partial remission, and 12 patients had disease stabilization (24% of clinical benefit). A Bayesian optimal dose finding was tested post-facto. The recommended doses for phase II studies by the 3 + 3 design are cisplatin 60 mg/m(2) and 9NC 1.25 mg/day and cisplatin 40 mg/m(2) and 9NC 2.0 mg/day. The Bayesian optimal dose finding suggested a different solution, closest to that of the latter dosing which may be less toxic.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacokinetics , Bayes Theorem , Camptothecin/administration & dosage , Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives , Cisplatin/administration & dosage , Cross-Over Studies , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Humans , Male , Maximum Tolerated Dose , Remission Induction/methods , Young AdultABSTRACT
The objective of the analysis was to determine the effectiveness of re-treating patients with ovarian cancer, primary peritoneal cancer, and fallopian tube cancer with carboplatin after being deemed platinum resistant. From a database period January 1, 1996, to December 12, 2002, 34 patients were identified who received nonplatinum agents before resuming treatment with carboplatin. The median age was 65 years, and a median of two nonplatinum chemotherapy (range 1-5) prior to re-treatment with carboplatin was received. The median platinum-free interval from the time platinum was last received to re-treatment with carboplatin was 15.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.6-17.9; range 6.2-47.0). A median number of four cycles of carboplatin (range 1-11) was received. Two patients (5.9%) achieved partial response, while 21 patients (61.7%) achieved stable disease. The median time to progression for these 23 patients after re-treatment with carboplatin was 5.7 months (95% CI 5.2-6.3; range 1.8-15.3). Twenty-seven patients have died, and all patients have progressed. Seven patients are still receiving salvage therapy. The median overall survival from the time deemed to be platinum resistant is 23.2 months (95% CI 20.1-26.4). Patients who have been deemed platinum resistant may still benefit from platinum re-treatment after an interval of treatment with nonplatinum agents.
Subject(s)
Carboplatin/pharmacology , Carboplatin/therapeutic use , Cisplatin/pharmacology , Cisplatin/therapeutic use , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy , Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Carboplatin/administration & dosage , Databases, Factual , Disease Progression , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Survival Analysis , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The objectives of this phase II protocol were: 1) to determine the clinical activity of thiotepa combined with cisplatin in suboptimally debulked advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma as first-line chemotherapy, 2) to determine by surgery the response after 6 courses of chemotherapy, and 3) to identify the regimen's qualitative and quantitative toxicities. Patients with FIGO stage IIIC or IV epithelial ovarian cancer were eligible to receive cisplatin (50 mg/m2) followed by thiotepa (40 mg/m2) on an every 4-week schedule. Patients showing no evidence of disease after six cycles of chemotherapy underwent surgical reassessment. Thirty-one patients were evaluable for toxicity and response. Myelosuppression was the major toxicity and hematologic toxicities prompted all dose reductions. No growth factor support was given in this trial. Thirty-nine percent of patients (12/31) had a clinical complete response. Of these, 16% (5/31) had complete pathologic response and 19% (6/31) had partial pathologic response. One long-term survivor declined reassessment laparotomy. Including the 16% of patients with a partial response, the overall response rate was 55% (17/31). Five patients are currently alive 8 years after enrollment. Median survival was 16.8 months for all patients, 21.5 months for patients with partial response, and 60.8 months for patients with complete pathologic response. A normalization or >50% decrease in CA125 level occurred in 93% of patients. This study indicates that first-line treatment with thiotepa and cisplatin produces significant long-term responses when tumors are sensitive. Such treatment is a reasonable option when paclitaxel is not available.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Carcinoma/drug therapy , Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy , Adult , Aged , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects , Carcinoma/pathology , Cisplatin/administration & dosage , Drug Administration Schedule , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Staging , Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology , Thiotepa/administration & dosage , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Retinoids have been shown to be effective regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in many human cancers. The major biologic activity of the retinoids is mediated by two families of nuclear receptors: retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). ALRT 1550 is one of the most potent RAR selective retinoids discovered to date, with 10-100 times more activity than ATRA in competitive binding and cotransfection assays and 300 times more inhibiting activity against proliferation of cervical carcinoma cell. To evaluate the role of ALRT 1550 in ovarian cancer, the growth inhibitory activity of ALRT 1550 was determined in the ATRA-resistant ovarian cancer cell line SKOV-3 and ovarian cancer cell line 2774 after exposure to concentrations of 0.1, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 microM for 7 days. SKOV-3 showed 51%, 53%, and 68% cell growth inhibition after treatment with ALRT 1550 at concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 10 microM, respectively, and the 2774 cell line showed 46% inhibition after treatment at 10 microM. Because interferon (IFN)-gamma was found to synergistically amplify the growth inhibition of retinoids in cultured breast cancer cells, we investigated the combination of ALRT 1550 with IFN-gamma in two ovarian cancer cell lines. ALRT 1550 (5 microM) in combination with IFN-gamma at a concentration of 500 U/ml inhibited cell growth of SKOV-3 by as much as 81% (CI = 1.88). This is a 28% greater effect than with ALRT alone. Cell line 2774 showed a 69% cell growth inhibitory effect with ALRT 1550 (5 microM) in combination with IFN-gamma at a concentration of 1000 U/ml (CI = 1.03). ALRT 1550 and IFN-gamma may act synergistically in the SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cell line and additively in the 2774 cell line. In conclusion, ALRT 1550 may be a promising drug with a high biologic modulating activity against ovarian cancer. In combination with IFN-gamma, additive and perhaps synergistic effects may be seen in some ovarian cancer cell lines. Combining these two biologic modifiers for the treatment of ovarian cancer may lower the effective dose of the retinoids, thus decreasing their side effects.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Interferon-gamma/therapeutic use , Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy , Retinoids/therapeutic use , Blotting, Western , Drug Synergism , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Humans , Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism , Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects , Tumor Stem Cell Assay , Retinoic Acid Receptor gammaABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The activity of the combination of carboplatin and liposomal doxorubicin was tested in a Phase II study of patients with recurrent cervical carcinoma. METHODS: The combination of carboplatin (area under the concentration curve [AUC], 5) and liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil; starting dose, 40 mg/m(2)) was administered intravenously every 28 days to 37 patients with recurrent squamous cell cervical carcinoma to determine antitumor activity and toxicity profile. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients were assessable for response, and 35 patients were assessable for toxicity. The overall response rate was 38%, the median time to response was 10 weeks, the median duration of response was 26 weeks, and the median survival was 37 weeks. The main toxic effect was myelosuppression, with Grade 3 and 4 neutropenia in 16 patients, anemia in 12 patients, thrombocytopenia in 11 patients, and neutropenic fever in 3 patients. Four patients had five infusion-related reactions during the infusion of liposomal doxorubicin, leading to treatment discontinuation in three patients. Grade > or = 2 nonhematologic toxicity included nausea in 17 patients, emesis in 14 patients, fatigue in 9 patients, mucositis and/or stomatitis in 8 patients, constipation in 6 patients, weight loss in 5 patients, hand-foot syndrome in 2 patients, and skin reactions in 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of carboplatin and liposomal doxorubicin has modest activity in patients with recurrent cervical carcinoma.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/drug therapy , Adult , Aged , Anemia/chemically induced , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects , Carboplatin/administration & dosage , Carboplatin/adverse effects , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Disease Progression , Doxorubicin/administration & dosage , Doxorubicin/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Infusions, Intravenous , Liposomes , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology , Neutropenia/chemically induced , Thrombocytopenia/chemically induced , Treatment Outcome , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to review the clinical course of patients diagnosed with vulvar melanoma. Charts of patients diagnosed between 1970 and 1997 were reviewed for demographics, lesion characteristics, disease duration and extent, and treatments. Actuarial survival curves were computed by the Kaplan Meier method and compared by Cox proportional hazards regressions. Fifty-one patients (median age 54) with vulvar melanoma presented with a vulvar mass (39%), pain (30%), bleeding (24%), and itching (20%). Anatomical distribution was mucosa of the vulva (65%), vulvar epidermal site (21%), or unspecified vulva (14%), with 20% having multifocal disease at diagnosis. Histologic types were superficial spreading or nodular (50% each). Median lesion characteristics were diameter 2 cm, Breslow index 4.4 mm, and Clark level IV. Distribution of patients per American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage was 29%, 50%, 16%, and 7% for stages I, II, III and IV, respectively. Inguinal node metastases were unilateral in 16% and bilateral in 7%. Despite complete surgical resection, 32 patients (63%) recurred. Median survival for all patients was 41 months (range, 5-324), with 91% 5-year survival for patients with stage I and 31% for stage >or= IIA (P = 0.0002). As with cutaneous melanoma, the AJCC classification, Breslow's thickness, and Clark's levels are the major predictors of overall survival (P = 0.0001 each) and disease-free survival (P Subject(s)
Melanoma/mortality
, Melanoma/pathology
, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
, Vulvar Neoplasms/mortality
, Vulvar Neoplasms/pathology
, Adult
, Aged
, Aged, 80 and over
, Female
, Humans
, Medical Records
, Melanoma/surgery
, Middle Aged
, Neoplasm Staging
, Prognosis
, Proportional Hazards Models
, Retrospective Studies
, Survival Analysis
, Texas/epidemiology
, Vulvar Neoplasms/surgery
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Adrenal abnormalities are often identified on imaging studies performed during the staging of patients presenting with a new malignancy or restaging of patients with a history of a malignancy. METHODS: We reviewed the records of patients who underwent surgical resection of an adrenal mass identified in the setting of previously or newly diagnosed extra-adrenal malignancy. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients with an adrenal mass and recently diagnosed malignancy (n = 24) or history of a malignancy (n = 57) underwent adrenalectomy. In 42 patients (52%) the adrenal mass was a metastasis. In 39 patients (48%) the adrenal mass was an additional primary adrenal tumor process: 19 pheochromocytomas, (14 syndrome-associated, 5 sporadic), 13 cortical adenomas, 3 adrenocortical carcinomas, 2 ganglioneuromas, and 2 cases of nodular hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS: In this series nearly half of the patients with cancer and an adrenal mass had adrenal pathologic condition independent of their primary malignancy. Despite the presence of a newly diagnosed malignancy or history of malignancy, all patients with an adrenal mass should undergo a standard hormone evaluation to confirm that the mass is not a functional neoplasm. An assumption that the adrenal mass is metastatic disease will be wrong in up to 50% of such patients.
Subject(s)
Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/secondary , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/surgery , Adrenalectomy , Adult , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedSubject(s)
Genital Neoplasms, Female/radiotherapy , Professional Staff Committees/organization & administration , Radiation Oncology/organization & administration , Research Design , Clinical Trials as Topic , Combined Modality Therapy , Female , Forecasting , Genital Neoplasms, Female/drug therapy , Humans , Organizational Objectives , Research Support as TopicABSTRACT
Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasias are difficult to eradicate completely without extensive surgical intervention. Cidofovir, a deoxycytidine monophosphate analog, may have a therapeutic role in this disease. A 43-year-old woman with a 20-year history of genital warts presented with extensive vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia III, and refused surgical resection. Topical cidofovir 1% in Beeler base completely eradicated the lesion. Successive treatment applications, however, were necessary. Cidofovir is a promising topical antiviral compound for HPV induced vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Carcinoma in Situ/drug therapy , Cytosine/therapeutic use , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control , Organophosphonates , Organophosphorus Compounds/therapeutic use , Vulvar Neoplasms/drug therapy , Administration, Oral , Administration, Topical , Adult , Cidofovir , Cytosine/analogs & derivatives , Drug Resistance, Multiple , Female , Humans , Injections, Subcutaneous , Interferons/therapeutic use , Isotretinoin/therapeutic use , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/drug therapyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to assess patients' preferences regarding the way in which physicians deliver news about their cancer diagnosis and management. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A sample of 351 patients with a variety of cancers completed a measure assessing their preferences for how they would like to be told news about their cancer. Patients rated characteristics of the context and content of the conversation as well as physician characteristics. RESULTS: Factor analysis indicated that patients' preferences for how they would like to be told news regarding their cancer can be grouped into the following three categories: (1) content (what and how much information is told); (2) facilitation (setting and context variables); and (3) support (emotional support during the interaction). Women (P =.02) and patients with higher education (P =.05) had significantly higher scores on the Content scale, women (P =.02) had higher scores on the Support scale, and younger patients (P =.001) and those with more education (P =.02) had higher scores on the Message Facilitation scale. Medical variables were not associated with patients' ratings of the importance of the three subscales. CONCLUSION: Patients rated items addressing the message content as most important, though the supportive and facilitative dimensions were also rated highly. Understanding what is important to patients when told news about their cancer provides valuable information that may help refine how this challenging task is best performed.
Subject(s)
Attitude to Health , Neoplasms/psychology , Physician-Patient Relations , Truth Disclosure , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Patient Education as Topic , Regression Analysis , Social Support , TexasABSTRACT
Vaginal involvement in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is uncommon and is often secondary to disseminated disease. Primary disease at this site is quite rare. We present here an unusual case of a patient who developed a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma presenting as a vaginal mass after having been treated for primary intestinal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma 4 years earlier. Combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy for the intestinal MALT lymphoma produced complete remission that lasted for 2 years. Chemotherapy given for the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with secondary vaginal involvement produced a second complete remission. The second remission was consolidated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. Although the patient died from complications related to the transplant procedure, the disease was in complete remission at the time of her death. Given the rarity of primary intestinal MALT lymphoma and primary vaginal lymphoma, no standard treatment has been established. Treatment options have included chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery, given alone or in combination.
Subject(s)
Intestinal Neoplasms/therapy , Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/therapy , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/diagnosis , Neoplasms, Second Primary/diagnosis , Vaginal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Combined Modality Therapy , Female , Humans , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/therapy , Middle Aged , Neoplasms, Second Primary/pathology , Neoplasms, Second Primary/therapy , Vaginal Neoplasms/pathology , Vaginal Neoplasms/therapyABSTRACT
We investigated the ubiquitination and degradation of a tumor antigen, the HER-2/neu (HER-2) protooncogene product which is overexpressed in epithelial cancers. HER-2 degradation was investigated in the ovarian tumor line, SKOV3.A2, that constitutively overexpressed long-life HER-2. We used as agonist geldanamycin (GA), which initiated downmodulation of HER-2 from the cell surface. HER-2 was polyubiquitinated and degraded faster in the presence than in the absence of GA. GA did not decrease HLA-A2 expression. Presentation of the immunodominant cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope, E75 (369-377) from SKOV.A2 was inhibited by proteasome inhibitors, such as LLnL but was enhanced by cysteine protease inhibitors such as E64, indicating that both the proteasome and cysteine proteases are involved in epitope formation but have different effects. Enhanced tumor recognition was not an immediate or early effect of GA treatment, but was evident after 20 h of GA treatment. In contrast, 20 h GA treatment did not increase tumor sensitivity to LAK cell lysis. Twenty hour GA-treated SKOV3.A2 cells expressed an unstable HER-2 protein synthesized in the presence of GA, of faster electrophoretic mobility than control HER-2. This suggested that the newly synthesized HER-2 in the presence of GA was the main source of epitopes recognized by CTL. Twenty hour GA-treated SKOV3.A2 cells were better inducers of CTL activity directed to a number of HER-2 CTL epitopes, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared with control untreated SKOV3.A2 cells. Thus, induction of HER-2 protein instability enhanced the sensitivity of tumor for CTL lysis. Increased HER-2 CTL epitopes presentation may have implications for overcoming the poor immuno-genicity of human tumors, and design of epitope precursors for cancer vaccination.
Subject(s)
Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology , Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology , Antigen Presentation , Benzoquinones , Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism , Cytotoxicity, Immunologic , Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology , Female , HLA-A2 Antigen/metabolism , Humans , Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology , Lactams, Macrocyclic , Multienzyme Complexes/metabolism , Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism , Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex , Quinones/pharmacology , Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology , Tumor Cells, Cultured , Ubiquitins/metabolismABSTRACT
A questionnaire was developed, according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) published guidelines, to supplement the EORTC quality of life questionnaire-core 30 (QLQ-C30) to assess the quality of life (QL) of women with ovarian cancer treated in clinical trials. The provisional 28-item module, OV28, assesses abdominal symptoms; peripheral neuropathy; other chemotherapy side-effects; hormonal symptoms; body image; attitude to disease and treatment; and sexual functioning. The first 24 items of the module (excluding sexual functioning) were included in a UK multicentre trial (SCOTROC). The trial data were used for preliminary scaling analysis. Two problematic items were identified. When these were treated as single items along with the 'other chemotherapy side-effects' the instrument showed excellent scale properties. Mean scale scores discriminated between trial patients pre- and on chemotherapy. This is a promising tool for assessing the QL of women with ovarian cancer. The EORTC international field study (Protocol 15982) to assess more fully the psychometric properties of the OV28 is well underway.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects , Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy , Quality of Life , Surveys and Questionnaires , Clinical Trials as Topic , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Surveys and Questionnaires/standardsSubject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Mixed Tumor, Mesodermal/drug therapy , Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy , Camptothecin/administration & dosage , Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives , Cisplatin/administration & dosage , Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Female , Humans , Irinotecan , Middle Aged , Remission Induction , Topoisomerase I InhibitorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Size has been considered to be the single best predictor of malignancy in adrenal neoplasms that have been identified incidentally. However, small adrenal cortical cancers have been reported from multiple centers. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the value of tumor size and other clinical parameters in the prediction of the presence of adrenal malignancy. RESULTS: The records of 117 patients who underwent evaluation for tumors of the adrenal gland were reviewed. The median tumor size of the adrenal cortical carcinomas (n = 38 carcinomas) was 9.2 cm (range, 1.7-30 cm); 5 cancers (13.5%) were smaller than 5.0 cm. The median overall size of the benign tumors, excluding pheochromocytomas, was 4.0 cm (n = 38 carcinomas); 10 benign tumors (26%) were larger than 5.0 cm. The imaging features of 4 of 5 small adrenal cancers predicted malignancy; the remaining patients had hormonally functioning tumors. The imaging features of 7 of 10 large benign adrenal tumors predicted benign histologic features, including 5 of 5 myelolipomas. CONCLUSIONS: Although size remains a good predictor of the histologic features and clinical behavior of adrenal neoplasms, both small adrenal cortical cancers and large benign tumors occur with measurable frequency. High-quality imaging studies may be helpful in the identification of relatively small adrenal cancers and of characteristic benign lesions that may be selectively followed.
Subject(s)
Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/pathology , Adolescent , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/diagnosis , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/mortality , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Middle Aged , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Immunization with tumor antigens induces cellular and humoral immune responses. These responses by T cells are specific for defined epitopes (determinants) in the molecule of the immunizing tumor antigen. Extension of such responses to self-antigens requires induction of autoimmunity to the tumor. As with systems of autoimmune disease, expression of T cell autoimmunity is charaterized by diversification of responses from the inducer determinant to other responder (cryptic) determinants. Since similar strategies may be useful for therapy of human cancers, we investigated whether the induction of response to a HER-2 peptide F7 (776-789) induces enhanced reactivity of other HER-2 peptides. We found that stimulation with F7 can expand a response to another epitope F13 (884-899) in both an ovarian cancer patient with progressive disease and a healthy donor who shared HLA-DR11. This response was characterized mainly by increased interferon gamma secretion, and proliferation, but was not observed with another donor who shared HLA-DR14 and HLA-DQ5 with the patient. Since repeated vaccination with the same epitope may lead to a decline of primary cell reactivity caused by apoptosis spreading the response to other epitopes, the tumor antigen may provide an approach for maintaining an inflammatory Th1 response during cancer vaccination.
Subject(s)
Peptides/metabolism , Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism , Th1 Cells/immunology , Th1 Cells/metabolism , Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism , Antigens, Neoplasm/therapeutic use , Apoptosis , Case-Control Studies , Cell Division , Disease Progression , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Epitopes , Female , HLA-DQ Antigens/metabolism , HLA-DR Antigens/metabolism , HLA-DR Serological Subtypes , Humans , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Interleukin-2/pharmacology , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism , Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology , Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism , Ovarian Neoplasms/therapy , Peptides/immunology , Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Anaphylaxis or significant hypersensitivity reaction is one of the most catastrophic potential complications of chemotherapy. There is a 2-5% risk of hypersensitivity with paclitaxel, a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent for various cancers. Three patients, who developed hypersensitivity to paclitaxel infusion, received docetaxel without allergic reactions. Docetaxel may therefore be an alternative treatment for patients with paclitaxel hypersensitivity.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/adverse effects , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use , Carcinoma/drug therapy , Cystadenocarcinoma/drug therapy , Drug Hypersensitivity/etiology , Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy , Paclitaxel/analogs & derivatives , Paclitaxel/adverse effects , Paclitaxel/therapeutic use , Taxoids , Adult , Cimetidine/therapeutic use , Dexamethasone/therapeutic use , Diphenhydramine/therapeutic use , Docetaxel , Drug Administration Schedule , Drug Hypersensitivity/prevention & control , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Humans , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) has been shown to be of benefit for menopausal women, especially in prevention of coronary heart disease and osteoporotic fractures. Cancer fear is an important obstacle to use of ERT. From our literature review, there is a weak or no association between ERT and ovarian cancer risk. Individual risk of cancer should be considered before ERT use. The second issue in this review is ERT in patients with ovarian cancer. The majority of patients with ovarian cancer are postmenopausal or become menopausal after surgery. ERT is considered by many physicians to be contraindicated in patients with cancer. However, there is evidence that ERT in selected cancer patients may be of benefit for survival and quality of life. After weighing the evidence from studies on ERT in patients with ovarian, breast or endometrial cancer, we propose the use of ERT in selected ovarian cancer patients who are suffering from or are at a high risk of debilitating menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, and coronary heart disease. The benefit of ERT to selected patient's health and quality of life appears to outweigh the risk of cancer recurrence.