Sulphonic acid strong cation-exchange restricted access columns in sample cleanup for profiling of endogenous peptides in multidimensional liquid chromatography. Structure and function of strong cation-exchange restricted access materials.

In this work, the pore structural parameters and size exclusion properties of LiChrospher strong cation-exchange and reverse phase restricted access materials (RAM) are analysed. The molecular weight size exclusion limit for polystyrenes was found to be about 17.7 kDa, while for standard proteins, the molecular weight size exclusion limit was higher, at approximately 25 kDa. The average pore diameter on a volume basis calculated from the pore network model changes from 8.5 nm (native LiChrospher) to 8.6 nm (diol derivative) to 8.2 nm (sulphonic acid derivative) to 6.9 nm (n-octadecyl derivative). Additional characterisations were performed on restricted access materials with nitrogen sorption at 77 K, water adsorption at 25 degrees C, intrusion-extrusion of water (in order to evaluate the hydrophobic properties of the pores of the hydrophobic RAM), and zeta potential measurements by microelectrophoresis. For peptide analysis out of the biofluids, the strong cation-exchange functionality seems to be particularly suitable mainly because of the high loadability of the strong cation-exchange restricted access material (SCX-RAM) and the fact that one can work under non-denaturing conditions to perform effective chromatographic separations. For bacitracin, the dynamic capacity of the SCX-RAM columns does not reach its maximum value in the analysed range. For lysozyme, the dynamic capacity reaches a value of 0.08 mg/ml of column volume before column is overloaded. Additionally, the proper column operating conditions that lead to the total effective working time of the RAM column to be equal to approximately 500 injections (depending on the type of sample), is comprehensively described. The SCX-RAM column was used in the same system analysing urine samples for the period of 1 month (approximately 150 injections) with run-to-run reproducibility below 5% RSD and below 10% RSD for the relative fractions.

Synthesis and characterization of polyrotaxane-based polymeric continuous beds for capillary electrochromatography.

The continuous bed technique with its attractive features, such as fritless design, one-step in situ synthesis, low back pressure and no need for pressurising the electrode vessels to suppress bubble formation was applied to form polyrotaxane-based stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography (CEC). Rotaxanes are synthesized from two classes of substances, namely linear reactive monomers and inert cyclic compounds. Upon polymerisation, a gel forms with the cyclic molecules mechanically immobilized (see Fig. 1). We have employed this simple approach, using charged derivatives of cyclodextrins in order to introduce charged groups into continuous beds and thus render them appropriate for electrochromatography. The self-assembly of supramolecular structures to form rotaxanes during the synthesis of the continuous beds is treated. The electroosmotic and chromatographic properties of the various polyrotaxane-based stationary phases synthesized are discussed, as well as the synthesis of the continuous beds, including how to affect their porosity and its influence on the efficiency of the electrokinetic separation. The applicability of the rotaxane-based continuous bed is demonstrated by separation of model compounds by reversed- and normal-phase chromatography. A separation of enantiomers is also presented. This experiment is of particular interest because it indicates that the interaction with the cavity of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) is not a fundamental requirement for enantioseparations.

A new easy-to-prepare homogeneous continuous electrochromatographic bed for enantiomer recognition.

Completely homogeneous polyacrylamide-based gels were used for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) of drug enantiomers. Like continuous beds (also called continuous polymer rods, silica rods, monoliths) they do not require frits to support the bed because it is covalently linked to the capillary wall. A long lifetime is an important feature of the beds. The gel matrices can be prepared in any laboratory and for specific interactions they can be derivatized with appropriate ligands. The application range is, therefore, broad. For chiral electrochromatography, negatively and positively charged polyacrylamide gels copolymerized with 2-hydroxy-3-allyloxy-propyl-beta-cyclodextrin (allyl-beta-CD) were prepared. The latter monomer was synthesized from beta-CD and allylglycidyl ether by a very simple one-step procedure. Eight acidic, neutral and basic drug compounds were resolved into their enantiomers, most of them with baseline separation. Interestingly, the resolution is independent of the electroendosmotic velocity, i.e., rapid analyses will not give low resolution. Upon increasing this velocity, the plate height for the fast enantiomer did not change (or decreased slightly), whereas that for the slow enantiomer increased. Only the last term in the van Deemter equation contributed significantly to the total plate height. The composition of the gel was chosen such that the "pores" became large enough to guarantee a satisfactory electroendosmotic flow (EOF). This open gel structure explains why acetone diffused as in free solution, i.e., independently of the presence of the gel matrix. This finding also indicates that the separation of small molecules in polyacrylamide gels cannot be explained by "molecular-sieving", but rather by some type of adsorption ("aromatic adsorption"?).