ABSTRACT
Type III solar radio bursts are the Sun's most intense and frequent nonthermal radio emissions. They involve two critical problems in astrophysics, plasma physics, and space physics: how collective processes produce nonthermal radiation and how magnetic reconnection occurs and changes magnetic energy into kinetic energy. Here magnetic reconnection events are identified definitively in Solar Dynamics Observatory UV-EUV data, with strong upward and downward pairs of jets, current sheets, and cusp-like geometries on top of time-varying magnetic loops, and strong outflows along pairs of open magnetic field lines. Type III bursts imaged by the Murchison Widefield Array and detected by the Learmonth radiospectrograph and STEREO B spacecraft are demonstrated to be in very good temporal and spatial coincidence with specific reconnection events and with bursts of X-rays detected by the RHESSI spacecraft. The reconnection sites are low, near heights of 5-10 Mm. These images and event timings provide the long-desired direct evidence that semi-relativistic electrons energized in magnetic reconnection regions produce type III radio bursts. Not all the observed reconnection events produce X-ray events or coronal or interplanetary type III bursts; thus different special conditions exist for electrons leaving reconnection regions to produce observable radio, EUV, UV, and X-ray bursts.
ABSTRACT
We studied brown adipose tissue isolated from mice receiving 20% ethanol as a single source of fluid. In vitro O2 utilization by brown adipose tissue decreased after one month of forced alcohol intake, but surpassed the control after 3 months of ethanol drinking. The absolute and relative weight of brown adipose tissue also increased at this term. The rate of in vivo O2 utilization also decreased during the first experimental month and returned to normal after 3 months.
Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue/drug effects , Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology , Ethanol/pharmacology , Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism , Animals , Down-Regulation , Male , Mice , Oxygen/metabolism , Oxygen Consumption , Temperature , Time Factors , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
Methanediphosphonate and 12 analogs thereof with different substituents at the carbon atom are potent competitive inhibitors of highly purified rat liver and bovine heart inorganic pyrophosphatases. The inhibition constants for the most effective diphosphonates, which contain an NH2 or OH group at the bridge carbon atom, are in the micromolar range. Yeast and Escherichia coli pyrophosphatases are markedly less sensitive to the diphosphonates. Pyrophosphatase inhibition may be related to the numerous biological effects exerted by diphosphonates.
