Sll1717 affects the redox state of the plastoquinone pool by modulating quinol oxidase activity in thylakoids.

A Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 mutant lacking CtaI, a main subunit of cytochrome c oxidase, is not capable of growing at light intensities below 5 micromol photons m(-2) s(-1), presumably due to an overreduced plastoquinone pool in the thylakoid membrane. Upon selection for growth at light intensities below 5 micromol photons m(-2) s(-1), a secondary mutant was generated that retained the CtaI deletion and had fully assembled photosystem II complexes; in this secondary mutant (pseudorevertant), oxygen evolution and respiratory activities were similar to those in the wild type. Functional complementation of the original CtaI-less strain to low-light tolerance by transformation with restriction fragments of genomic DNA of the pseudorevertant and subsequent mapping of the pseudoreversion site showed that the point mutation led to a Ser186Cys substitution in Sll1717, a protein of as-yet-unknown function and with a predicted ATP/GTP-binding domain. This mutation caused a decrease in the plastoquinone pool reduction level of thylakoids compared to that observed for the wild type. Based on a variety of experimental evidence, the most plausible mechanism to cause this effect is an activation of plastoquinol oxidation in thylakoids by the quinol oxidase CydAB that occurs without upregulation of the corresponding gene and that may be caused by an increased CydAB activity in thylakoids, conceivably due to altered CydAB sorting between cytoplasmic and thylakoid membranes. Sll1717 appears to be unique to Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 and has a close homologue encoded in the genome of this organism. The transcript level of sll1717 is low, which suggests that the corresponding protein is regulatory rather than structural.

Slr2013 is a novel protein regulating functional assembly of photosystem II in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803.

The Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, which has a T192H mutation in the D2 protein of photosystem II, is an obligate photoheterotroph due to the lack of assembled photosystem II complexes. A secondary mutant, Rg2, has been selected that retains the T192H mutation but is able to grow photoautotrophically. Restoration of photoautotrophic growth in this mutant was caused by early termination at position 294 in the Slr2013 protein. The T192H mutant with truncated Slr2013 forms fully functional photosystem II reaction centers that differ from wild-type reaction centers only by a 30% higher rate of charge recombination between the primary electron acceptor, QA-, and the donor side and by a reduced stability of the oxidized form of the redox-active Tyr residue, YD, in the D2 protein. This suggests that the T192H mutation itself did not directly affect electron transfer components, but rather affected protein folding and/or stable assembly of photosystem II, and that Slr2013 is involved in the folding of the D2 protein and the assembly of photosystem II. Besides participation in photosystem II assembly, Slr2013 plays a critical role in the cell, because the corresponding gene cannot be deleted completely under conditions in which photosystem II is dispensable. Truncation of Slr2013 by itself does not affect photosynthetic activity of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Slr2013 is annotated in CyanoBase as a hypothetical protein and shares a DUF58 family signature with other hypothetical proteins of unknown function. Genes for close homologues of Slr2013 are found in other cyanobacteria (Nostoc punctiforme, Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, and Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1), and apparent orthologs of this protein are found in Eubacteria and Archaea, but not in eukaryotes. We suggest that Slr2013 regulates functional assembly of photosystem II and has at least one other important function in the cell.

Transformation of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as a tool for genetic mapping: optimization of efficiency.

The cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is transformable at high efficiency and integrates DNA by homologous double recombination. However, several genetic mapping procedures depend on the ability to generate transformants even with very small amounts of added DNA. This study is aimed at optimizing the transformation efficiency at limiting concentrations of exogenous DNA. The transformation efficiency showed little sensitivity to experimental conditions. Transformation with circular plasmid DNA was found to be no more than 30% more efficient than with linearized plasmid DNA. The efficiency of transformation remained essentially the same in the presence of competing DNA, indicating that the capacity of DNA uptake by the cells is not limiting. The incubation time of cells with DNA before plating (0-8 h) affected the transformation efficiency by up to 3-fold. Only minor changes in the efficiency were observed as a function of the presence of a membrane filter on the plate or the presence of TAE or TBE gel buffer residues in the transformation mixture. However, transformability of the host strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was increased by two orders of magnitude if the sll1354 gene encoding the exonuclease RecJ was deleted. Therefore, the transformation efficiency of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 with exogenous DNA appears to be determined primarily by intracellular processes such as the efficiency of DNA processing and homologous recombination.