[Barotherapy in the military medicine].

Barotherapy in the military medicine. The authors present current data on place and role of hyperbaric oxygenation for military and extreme medicine. Main mechanisms of oxygen saturation and its <> to cells and tissues of the organisms is described in the given article. The authors proved advantages of the hyperbaric oxygenation over the normobaric and showed its high efficiency for the trauma and suppurative- septic lesion treatment, and for the combat therapeutic pathology. Main clinical and physiological effects of the hyperbaric oxygenation are showed. Modern indications and contra-indications for the use of the hyperbaric oxygenation as a therapeutic mean are proved.

[Current problems in prophylaxis and treatment of acute decompression disease of mild degree]. / Aktual'nye voprosy profilaktiki i lecheniia ostroi dekompressionnoi bolezni legkoi stepeni tiazhesti.

The authors discuss the causes leading to the rise of acute decompression illness in the amateur skin-divers. They include the insufficient training of most skin-drivers in the basis of diving physiology and medicine, the underwater dipping without consideration of individual sensitivity to decompression illness and nitrogen narcotic action, disorders in decompression regimens, non-observance of behavior rules after dipping, use of air transport immediately after dipping. The case of delayed treatment of decompression illness is described. The data concerning the possibility of chronic decompression illness formation due to the action of asymptomatic decompression gasformation and acute decompression illness of mild degree are presented. The authors propose the system of measures that would help to decrease the incidence of disease and to make the treatment of decompression illness more effective.

[Structural changes in the parenchymatous organs in animals in venous gas embolism of varying intensity and acute decompression disease]. / Strukturnye izmeneniia v parenkhimatoznykh organakh u zhivotnykh pri razlichnoi intensivnosti venoznoi gazovoi émbolii i ostroi dekompressionnoi bolezni.

Structural changes in tissues of liver, kidneys and lungs were studied in guinea pigs in post-decompressive gas venous embolism of high and low intensity. In moderate gas venous embolism cells of the organs studied display cytoplasm vacuolization due to the rupture of inner mitochondrial membrane and appearance of single rounded spheroidal structure with homogeneous contents situated near the cell nuclei that were thought to reflect formation of gas bubble within the cell. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms of formation of chronic decompressive disorders in asymptomatic gas formation are discussed.

[The selectivity of the action of muscarinic agonists in vivo]. / Izbiratel'nost' deistviia muskarinovykh agonistov in vivo.

The experiments to inhibit a tremor reaction induced by various cholinomimetics have established that DED50 of atropine and amedine is significantly indifferent when tremor is caused by pilocarpine, oxotremorine, and aceclidine while the activity of amedine is lower than that of atropine when ezerine, arecoline and galantamine are applied. The comparison of the findings with the data on the selectivity of the above M-cholinolytics leads to the conclusion that in in vivo experiments, the muscarinic agonists are able to show their selectivity against various subtypes of M-cholinoreceptors. The results of in vivo experiments are found to differ from the data on the in vitro selectivity of M-cholinomimetics in some cases.

[Effect of peptides of the tracheal mucosa and vascular wall in acute hyperoxic lung injury]. / Deistvie peptidov sosudistoi stenki i slizistoi obolochki trakhei pri ostrom giperoksicheskom povrezhdenii legkikh.

It was demonstrated that peptides of the tracheal mucosa (PTM) and peptides of the vascular wall (PVW) produce a certain protective effect in hyperoxic lung injury. The peptides, (PTM to a greater measure) prolonged the survival of mice and inhibited the dynamics of the growth of the lung coefficient in rats. PTM reduced the formation of malonic dialdehyde and increased the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the lungs. Morphometric studies showed that PTM produce a more marked inhibiting effect on exudation in to the alveoli; besides, the administration of PTM contributed greatly to maintenance of the empty space and "total volume" of the alveoli.

[Metabolic changes during hyperbaric oxygenation]. / Izmenenie obmena veshchestv pri giperbaricheskoi oksigenatsii.

Biochemical changes in response to a high partial pressure of oxygen were investigated in 12 test subjects. During exposure to compressed oxygen breathing (pO2-0.25 MPa) for a limited period of time changes in the carbohydrate, protein, enzyme, and electrolyte status were seen. These changes were demonstrative sings of physiological and toxic effects of oxygen. Individual metabolic responses were investigated and optimal exposure times were determined. It is recommended to take into consideration biochemical variations when identifying human resistance to oxygen toxicity on an individual basis.

[The possible role of presynaptic effects in realizing the protective action of M-cholinolytics in dimethyl dichlorovinyl phosphate poisoning]. / Vozmozhnaia rol' presinapticheskikh éffektov v osushchestvlenii zashchitnogo deistviia M-kholinolitikov pri otravlenii dimetildikhlorvinilfosfatom.

Under the conditions of the constancy of the postsynaptic effect of two M-cholinolytics atropine and amizil the relationship between the presynaptic and protective effects of the drugs in DDVF intoxication was studied. The indication of the level of the postsynaptic activity was the suppression by the cholinolytics of tremor reaction in rats induced by the action of arecoline. The presynaptic effect of the drugs was judged by the charge of the "bound" acetylcholine content in the brains of the animals. It was found that when administered in the equieffective by the choline-blocking activity doses, atropine to a greater extent reduced the content of the "bound" acetylcholine which was increased due to the action of DDVF and at the same time it possessed the less pronounced protective activity in intoxication with DDVF than amizil. It is supposed that the removal of the presynaptic suppression of acetylcholine release due to the anticholinesterase substance action deteriorates the prognosis of the course of DDVF intoxication.

[Contractile function of the left ventricle of the heart in increased pressure of the gas medium]. / Sokratitel'naia funktsiia levogo zheludochka serdtsa v usloviiakh povyshennogo davleniia gazovoi sredy.

The hyperbaric effect on the contractile function of the left ventricle of the heart was examined in 16 test subjects by means of polycardiography. In a compressed air atmosphere (P = 0.5 MPa for 30 min), systolic time intervals varied. In a hyperbaric normoxic (N2 - O2) atmosphere, the changes were less expressed. In a medical oxygen atmosphere at a normal barometric pressure, the adverse effect on the left ventricle contractile function was least pronounced. It is concluded that hyperbaria, increased gas density, and hyperoxia produce a pathogenic effect on the heart; during short-term exposure increased gas density has the strongest effect.

[Effectiveness of alupent in disorders of the pulmonary surfactant system caused by chlorophos poisoning]. / Effektivnost' alupenta pri narusheniiakh surfaktantnoi sistemy legkikh, vyzvannykh otravleniem khlorofosom.

Acute oral chlorophos poisoning of laboratory animals was shown to result in a decrease of the pulmonary surfactant system according to the severity of intoxication. Alupent in combination with atropine and dipyroxime prevented the disturbances of the system.

[Miniature currents of the endplates of the muscle fibers of the diaphragm of the rat after inhibition of acetylcholinesterase with galanthamine]. / Miniatiurnye toki kontsevykh plastinok myshechnykh volokon diafragmy krysy pri ugnetenii atsetilkholinésterazy galantaminom.

Miniature end-plate currents (MEPC) in rat diaphragm were studied with voltage-clamp technique when synaptic acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was inhibited with different concentrations of galanthamine. The MEPC amplitude and time course were increased progressively with galanthamine concentrations in the range of 3.16 X 10(-8) - 10(-6) g/ml. The decay of MEPC was always exponential. The input resistance of muscle fibres increased. Galanthamine (10(-5) g/ml) produced a curare-like action: the amplitude and duration of MEPC were less as compared with those at galanthamine concentration 10(-6) g/ml, the decay of MEPC became biphasic. During washing out of the drug, the duration of MEPC began to increase and then to diminish, returning to the initial value 3 hours later. The decay of MEPC became exponential. A positive correlation was found between half-decay time and amplitude of MEPC both in the presence and in the absence of anticholinesterase. It is supposed that the functional role of synaptic AChE in limiting the postsynaptic effect of acetylcholine is not so significant as it is usually considered, therefore it is possible to use the parameters of MEPC for the estimation of functional AChE activity.

[Treatment of acute pancreatitis patients with functional liver failure]. / Lechenie bol'nykh ostrym pankreatitom s funktsional'noi nedostatochnost'iu pecheni.

Methods of extracorporal detoxication hemo- and lymphosorption, intraportal injection of drugs and oxygenated solutions as well as ultraviolet irradiation of auto-blood are included in the routine scheme of treatment of patients with acute pancreatitis. The treatment concerned was used in 77 patients with acute pancreatitis and advanced hepatic insufficiency and resulted in arresting the latter in 43 of the patients. To prevent the development of acute hepatic insufficiency proved to be possible in 20 patients with a destructive form of acute pancreatitis. The intraportal injection of oxygenated solutions against the background of acute experimental pancreatitis contributed to prevention of hypoxia of the liver.

[Effect of hyperoxia and increased environmental gas density on the contractile function of the right of the heart]. / Vliianie giperoksii i povyshennoi plotnosti gazovoi sredy na sokratitel'nuiu funktsiiu pravogo zheludochka serdtsa.

Rheocardiography, phonocardiography, and electrocardiography were used to investigate right ventricle function of 16 test subjects exposed to various gas atmospheres under increased pressure. During short-term exposures the adverse effect of an increased pressure on the contractile function of the right ventricle grew in the following order: hyperoxia--normoxic nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere--compressed air.

[Effect of armin on frog myelinated nerve fibers]. / O vliianii armina na mielinizirovannye nervnye volokna liagushki.

Study of the action of armin on the nodes of Ranvier in isolated nerve fibers of the frog has demonstrated that armin at concentrations over 4 X 10(-7) M produces the growth of the input resistance of the nodes of Ranvier at the expense of the decreased leakage conduction. At concentrations of 4 X 10(-6) and 4 X 10(-5) armin leads to a shift of the firing level of action potentials towards more positive values.

[Presynaptic action of armin and galantamin on mammalian neuromuscular junction]. / O presinapticheskom deistvii armina i galantamina v nervno-myshechnom soedinenii mlekopitaiushchego.

Actions of the two cholinesterase inhibitors: armin and galanthaamine on the neuromuscular transmission and on the spontaneous and evoked acetylcholine release were studied in the rat diaphragm. High concentrations (greater than or equal to 10(-6) g/ml) of these agents exhausted the available transmitter store which decreased the quantum content of e. p. p. sin single nerve stimulation. At the repetitive stimulation (10-100 s-1), armin and galanthaamine accelerated the presynaptic depression of e. p. p. s and slowed down the rate of transmitter mobilization. This resulted in a rapid decrease of quantum content and amplitude of e. p. p. s. The found presynaptic deteriorations together with the stationary postsynaptic depolarization may cause the neuromuscular block.

[Joint action of reversible and irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors on neuromuscular transmission in the rat diaphragm]. / Sovmestnoe deistvie obratimogo i neobratimogo ingibitorov kholinésterazy na nervno-myshechnuiu oeredachu v diafragma krysy.

Presynaptic effect of compound application of the cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors of the reversible (galanthamine) and the irreversible (armin) after galanthamine pretreatment has been studied on the neuromuscular transmission at the rat diaphragm. The experiment conditions were regarded as a model of the preventive action of the reversible ChE inhibitors against organism poisoning by the irreversible ChE inhibitors. The quantal content of the end plate potentials (EPP) decreases under the compound action of inhibitors. But under these conditions the EPP amplitude at the single nerve stimulation increases as compared with the control one. The pronounced presynaptic depression and the block of the neuromuscular transmission are observed at the repetitive stimulation (10-50 s-1). The preventive action of galanthamine against the armin poisoning does not relate to presynaptic processes.

[Effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on the electrical excitability of the membrane of frog muscle fiber]. / O vliianii antikholinésteraznykh preparatov na élektrovozbudimuiu membranu myshechnogo volokna liagushki.

The effects of reversible (galanthamine, eserine) and irreversible organophosphate (armine) cholinesterase inhibitors on excitable muscle fibre membrane of the frog involved elongation of the rise and the half-decay time of the AP (galanthamine and eserine), the critical level of depolarization being shifted to a more negative value. Armine decreased the rise and the half-decay time, the critical level of depolarization being shifted to the positive direction; subsequent rising of the threshold often caused blocking of neuro-muscular transmission during the first minutes of the armine action, pretreatment of preparations with galanthamine (eserine) preventing the threshold increase and armine blocking of transmission. Probably mechanism of these drugs action on the membrane channels is discussed. The negative shift of critical level seems to underlie the protective action of galanthamine and eserine in case of poisoning with irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors.