Clinical Case Presentation on Absence Seizures Diagnosis and Treatment Care Services and Outcomes in an Adult Patient.

Absence seizures are often associated with impaired or loss of consciousness clinically proved to have an impact on motor and cognitive abnormalities of the nerve cells of the brain. Seizure admits several etiopathophysiological events leading to several neurofunctional changes in the reticulothalamocortical circuitry zones of the central nervous system. This paves the episodes of absence seizure events. A clinical case report of absence seizure in a 25 years age adult patient came to the hospital with impaired consciousness. The brain magnetic resonance imaging scanning of the patient detected a small focal flair hypertensive area in the right parasellar region close to cavernous sinus with mild flair hypersensitivity in the left cavernous sinuses, right maxillary, and ethmoid sinusitis. The electroencephalogram of the brain showed normal waves with electrode artifacts was observed. The patient was confirmed with absence seizures, and he was treated with oxcarbazepine 150 mg twice daily. The patient was recovered from seizure and discharged with medications. He was called for follow-up examination once in 3-month period.

Nanobioengineered electrospun composite nanofibers and osteoblasts for bone regeneration.

Bone defects represent a medical and socioeconomic challenge. Engineering bioartificial bone tissues may help to solve problems related to donor site morbidity and size limitations. Nanofibrous scaffolds were electrospun into a blend of synthetic biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) with hydroxyapatite (HA) and natural polymer gelatin (Gel) at a ratio of 1:1:2 (PCL/HA/Gel) compared to PCL (9%), PCL/HA (1:1), and PCL/Gel (1:2) nanofibers. These fiber diameters were around 411 +/- 158 to 856 +/- 157 nm, and the pore size and porosity around 5-35 microm and 76-93%, respectively. The interconnecting porous structure of the nanofibrous scaffolds provides large surface area for cell attachment and sufficient space for nutrient transportation. The tensile property of composite nanofibrous scaffold (PCL/HA/Gel) was highly flexible and allows penetrating osteoblasts inside the scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that the composite nanofiber contains an amino group, a phosphate group, and carboxyl groups for inducing proliferation and mineralization of osteoblasts for in vitro bone formation. The cell proliferation (88%), alkaline phosphatase activity (77%), and mineralization (66%) of osteoblasts were significantly (P < 0.001) increased in composite nanofibrous scaffold compared to PCL nanofibrous scaffolds. Field emission scanning electron microscopic images showed that the composite nanofibers supported the proliferation and mineralization of osteoblast cells. These results show that the fabrication of electrospun PCL/HA/Gel composite nanofibrous scaffolds has potential for the proliferation and mineralization of osteoblasts for bone regeneration.

Electrospun-modified nanofibrous scaffolds for the mineralization of osteoblast cells.

Biocompatible polycaprolactone (PCL) and hydroxyapatite (HA) were fabricated into nanofibrous scaffolds for the mineralization of osteoblasts in bone tissue engineering. PCL and PCL/HA nanofibrous surface were modified using oxygen plasma treatment and showing 0 degrees contact angle for the adhesion and mineralization of osteoblast cells. The fiber diameter, pore size and porosity of nanofibrous scaffolds were estimated to be 220-625 nm, 3-20 microm, and 87-92% respectively. The ultimate tensile strength of PCL was about 3.37 MPa and PCL/HA was 1.07 MPa to withstand the long term culture of osteoblasts on nanofibrous scaffolds. Human fetal osteoblast cells (hFOB) were cultured on PCL and PCL/HA surface modified and unmodified nanofibrous scaffolds. The osteoblast proliferation rate was significantly (p < 0.001) increased in surface-modified nanofibrous scaffolds. FESEM showed normal phenotypic cell morphology and mineralization occurred in PCL/HA nanofibrous scaffolds, HA acting as a chelating agent for the mineralization of osteoblast to form bone like apatite for bone tissue engineering. EDX and Alizarin Red-S staining indicated mineral Ca(2+) and phosphorous deposited on the surface of osteoblast cells. The mineralization was significantly increased in PCL/HA-modified nanofibrous scaffolds and appeared as a mineral nodule synthesized by osteoblasts similar to apatite of the natural bone. The present study indicated that the PCL/HA surface-modified nanofibrous scaffolds are potential for the mineralization of osteoblast for bone tissue engineering.