Parks 3-step test.

Background: The Parks 3-step test is an important test in the diagnosis of a single cyclovertical muscle palsy. Purpose: This video is presented to provide a simplified and easy understanding of the Parks 3-step test for post-graduate residents. Synopsis: The video contains a description of the steps to perform a 3-step test, the results of the test in a case of superior oblique palsy, the conditions that mimic a positive 3-step test, and how to identify these mimicking conditions. Highlights: This is a simple demonstration of a classic clinical diagnostic procedure. Online Video Link: https://youtu.be/1wpjwe19c0E.

Landmark trials in ophthalmology: The age-related eye diseases studies.

BACKGROUND: There are many landmark clinical trials in ophthalmology, the context of which provide a more relevant understanding of their results. The Age-related Eye Diseases (AREDS) studies were conducted in a large population to understand the effect of nutritional supplements on the progress of age-related macular degeneration. PURPOSE: This instructional video is being presented to familiarize the postgraduate residents as well as interested researchers of the details of the landmark AREDS studies. SYNOPSIS: The video describes the enrollment of participants, their demographics, the protocols of the studies, and the key results. HIGHLIGHTS: The AREDS formulations, the specific effects of key components of the formulations, and results of the trials that guide present day treatment guidelines are discussed. VIDEO LINK: https://youtu.be/SPsikgx8SCI.

Paederus dermatitis.

Paederus dermatitis is an irritant dermatitis caused by pederin, a toxin produced by the rove beetle (Paederus). The disease occurs worldwide, but it is often not recognized as a history of contact with the insect is frequently absent. It is commonly seen in the rainy season. Crushing the insect releases pederin, resulting in the characteristic linear lesions with a burning sensation that heal with hyperpigmentation. Treatment comprises immediate washing of the area to eliminate the toxin and topical application of a topical steroid-antibiotic combination. Preventive measures may include reducing the insect population in the surroundings, avoiding contact of insects with the skin, minimizing the lesions after contact. Awareness of the etiology and clinical manifestations makes it easier to suspect this condition even in the absence of a history of exposure to the insect. We present a comprehensive review of the etiopathogenesis, pathology, clinical features, treatment and prevention of Paederus dermatitis and also review the biology of the insect and its behavior.

Diffuse epithelial keratopathy following a single instillation of topical lignocaine: the damaging drop.

Toxic corneal epitheliopathies are a known occurrence following chronic use of topical anesthetic agents in ophthalmology. We report two cases of diffuse epithelial keratopathy following a single drop of 4% lignocaine in two diabetic patients scheduled for fundus fluorescein angiography.

Integrated modular teaching in dermatology for undergraduate students: A novel approach.

CONTEXT: Undergraduate teaching in dermatology comprises didactic lectures and clinical classes. Integrated modular teaching is a novel approach, which integrates basic sciences with dermatology in the form of a module. Further the module also incorporates various teaching modalities, which facilitate active participation from students and promotes learning. The pre- and post-test values showed the effectiveness of the integrated module. The students feedback was encouraging. AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the acceptance and opinion of undergraduate students regarding integrated modular teaching as a new teaching aid in dermatology. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This was a descriptive study. Varied teaching methodologies involving multiple disciplines were undertaken in six major undergraduate topics in dermatology for seventh and eighth semester students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of six modules were conducted over a period of 12 months for students of seventh and eighth semesters. The topics for the various modules were sexually transmitted diseases, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, oral ulcers, leprosy, connective tissue disorders and psoriasis. Faculty members from different disciplines participated. Pre- and post-test were conducted before and after the modules respectively to gauge the effectiveness of the modules. RESULTS: It was found that almost every student had a better score on the posttest as compared to the pretest. General feedback obtained from the students showed that all of them felt that modular teaching was a more interesting and useful teaching learning experience than conventional teaching. CONCLUSIONS: Integrated modular teaching can be an effective adjunct in imparting theoretical and practical knowledge to the students. Further, various teaching methodologies can be used in integrated modules effectively with active student participation. Thus integrated modular teaching addresses two important issues in medical education, namely integration and active student participation.

Madarosis: a marker of many maladies.

Madarosis is a terminology that refers to loss of eyebrows or eyelashes. This clinical sign occurs in various diseases ranging from local dermatological disorders to complex systemic diseases. Madarosis can be scarring or non-scarring depending upon the etiology. Appropriate diagnosis is essential for management. Follicular unit transplantation has been found to be a useful method of treating scarring madarosis and the procedure relevant to eyebrow and eyelash reconstruction has been discussed. A useful clinical approach to madarosis has also been included for bedside diagnosis. The literature search was conducted with Pubmed, Medline, and Google scholar using the keywords madarosis, eyebrow loss, and eyelash loss for articles from 1960 to September 2011. Relevant material was also searched in textbooks and used wherever appropriate.