ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Virtual reality (VR) simulators now have the potential to replace traditional methods of laparoscopic training. The aim of this study was to compare the VR simulator with the classical box trainer and determine whether one has advantages over the other. METHODS: Twenty four novices were tested to determine their baseline laparoscopic skills and then randomized into the following three group: LapSim, box trainer, and no training (control). After 3 weekly training sessions lasting 30-min each, all subjects were reassessed. Assessment included motion analysis and error scores. Nonparametric tests were applied, and p < 0.05 was deemed significant. RESULTS: Both trained groups made significant improvements in all parameters measured ( p < 0.05). Compared to the controls, the box trainer group performed significantly better on most of the parameters, whereas the LapSim group performed significantly better on some parameters. There were no significant differences between the LapSim and box trainer groups. CONCLUSIONS: LapSim is effective in teaching skills that are transferable to a real laparoscopic task. However, there appear to be no substantial advantages of one system over the other.
Subject(s)
Computer Simulation , Laparoscopy , Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/education , Models, Anatomic , User-Computer Interface , Adult , Animals , Cadaver , Clinical Competence , Computer Simulation/economics , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Depth Perception , Education, Medical/methods , Educational Measurement , Equipment Design , Female , Humans , Laparoscopy/economics , Male , Man-Machine Systems , Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/economics , Models, Animal , Psychomotor Performance , Spatial Behavior , Students, Medical/psychologySubject(s)
Lead Poisoning/diagnosis , Lead Poisoning/epidemiology , Adult , Chelating Agents/administration & dosage , Child , Child, Preschool , Dimercaprol/administration & dosage , Edetic Acid/administration & dosage , Female , Humans , Incidence , India/epidemiology , Lead Poisoning/drug therapy , Male , Nutritional Status , Risk FactorsSubject(s)
Acetylglucosaminidase/urine , Lead Poisoning/diagnosis , Lead/blood , Occupational Exposure , Porphobilinogen Synthase/blood , Printing , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Hematopoiesis/drug effects , Humans , Kidney/drug effects , Lead/adverse effects , Lead Poisoning/blood , Lead Poisoning/etiology , Male , Middle Aged , Spectrophotometry, Atomic , Spectrophotometry, UltravioletABSTRACT
Automotive use of leaded gasoline continues to be an important source of occupational exposure to lead in India and other countries. The present study assessed the renal function and markers of early renal damage of 22 mechanics at three automobile garages. Urinary N-acetyl-3-D-glucosaminidase activity and beta-2-microglobulin levels were significantly increased in auto garage mechanics with blood leads of 30-69 micrograms/dL. A significant correlation was observed between blood lead levels and urinary N-acetyl-3-D-glucosaminidase activity but not with urine beta-2-microglobulin levels. A marginal impairment in creatinine clearance was not statistically significant. Urinary N-acetyl-3-D-glucosaminidase activity offers a sensitive monitor of blood lead and renal tubular injury.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers/analysis , Kidney Diseases/chemically induced , Kidney/chemistry , Kidney/drug effects , Lead/toxicity , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Adult , Creatine/blood , Creatine/urine , Hexosaminidases/analysis , Humans , Kidney Diseases/metabolism , Lead/blood , Male , Middle Aged , beta 2-Microglobulin/analysisABSTRACT
The objective of the present study was to assess renal damage, if any, by non-invasive technique, viz NAG activity in urine and GFR in patients on continuous and intermittent rifampicin therapy. Eighty-four tuberculosis patients for cross-sectional study and six subjects for longitudinal study on antitubercular therapy and ten patients on withdrawal of rifampicin participated in the investigation; 13 leprosy patients intermittently treated with rifampicin were also included. Twenty-seven normal subjects served as controls. Rifampicin on continuous use resulted in a progressive increase in enzymuria with no change in GFR. An additive toxic effect was obvious in patients receiving streptomycin; when the treatment was withdrawn the urinary NAG activity stabilized within 15-21 days. However, patients receiving rifampicin intermittently did not show any evidence of renal damage. The results suggest that there is a need for monitoring renal damage, particularly on antitubercular therapy, when nephrotoxic agents are administered together.
Subject(s)
Acetylglucosaminidase/urine , Kidney/drug effects , Rifampin/adverse effects , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Drug Synergism , Drug Therapy, Combination/adverse effects , Drug Therapy, Combination/therapeutic use , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Humans , Kidney/enzymology , Kidney/physiology , Leprosy/drug therapy , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Rifampin/therapeutic use , Streptomycin/adverse effects , Streptomycin/therapeutic use , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapyABSTRACT
An attempt has been made to quantitate drug consumption in a conurbation. The prescribing habits of physicians, self medication rate and therapeutic classes of drugs purchased have been evaluated. The study indicates that some of the prevailing practices in the area are unhealthy. The high self medication rate, faulty prescribing habits of physicians and liberal dispensing methods of pharmacist need to be viewed with concern. The wide gap between the precepts and practices prevailing among practitioners, the use of potent medicines without proper medical advice and the uninhibited sale of scheduled drugs over the pharmacy counter require careful consideration. If such unhealthy trends persist iatrogenic problems may surface in the near future. The physician, pharmacist and the public need to cooperate to create the proper pattern of drug usage.
