Review of inhalable nanoparticles for the pulmonary delivery of anti-tuberculosis drugs.

Tuberculosis is an airborne disease caused by the pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which predominantly affects the lungs. World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that about 85% of TB patients are cured with the existing 6-month antibiotic regimen. However, the lengthy oral administration of high-dose anti-TB drugs is associated with significant side effects and leads to drug resistance cases. Alternatively, reformulating existing anti-tubercular drugs into inhalable nanoparticulate systems is a promising strategy to overcome the challenges associated with oral treatment as they could enhance drug retention in the pulmonary region to achieve an optimal drug concentration in the infected lungs. Hence, this review provides an overview of the literature on inhalable nano-formulations for the delivery of anti-TB drugs, including their formulation techniques and preclinical evaluations between the years 2000 and 2020, gathered from electronic journals via online search engines such as Google Scholar and PubMed. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies highlighted that the nano-size, low toxicity, and high efficacy were among the factors influencing the fate of nanoparticulate system upon deposition in the lungs. Although many preclinical studies have shown that inhalable nanoparticles increased therapeutic efficacy and minimised adverse drug reactions when delivered through the pulmonary route, none of them has progressed into clinical trials to date. This could be attributed to the high cost of inhaled regimes due to the expensive production and characterisation of the nanoparticles as well as the need for an inhalation device as compared to the oral treatment. Another barrier could be the lack of medical acceptance due to insufficient number of trained staff to educate the patients on the correct usage of the inhalation device. Hence, these barriers should be addressed satisfactorily to make the inhaled nanoparticles regimen a reality for the treatment of TB.

Cloning and Expression of a Subfamily 1.4 Lipase from Bacillus licheniformis IBRL-CHS2.

We report on the cloning of the lipase gene from Bacillus licheniformis IBRL-CHS2 and the expression of the recombinant lipase. DNA sequencing analysis of the cloned lipase gene showed that it shares 99% identity with the lipase gene from B. licheniformis ATCC 14580 and belongs to subfamily 1.4 of true lipases based on amino acid sequence alignment of various Bacillus lipases. The 612 bp lipase gene was then cloned into the pET-15b(+) expression vector and the construct was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) for bulk expression of the lipase. Expression was analysed by SDS-PAGE where the lipase was found to have a molecular weight of about 23 kDa.