ABSTRACT
Laryngeal cancer is one of the most common head and neck cancers in India. Surgery is the preferred modality of treatment in majority of cT4a cases and selective cT3 cases of Carcinoma Larynx. COVID-19 outbreak became a global pandemic and caused significant delays and disruptions in every aspect of cancer care. Similarly, patients of laryngeal cancer presented with advanced disease and significant stridor. In such cases, Emergency total laryngectomy (ETL) proved to be a valid treatment modality in the place of conventional workup and treatment. We present our experience with Emergency laryngectomy during the COVID-19 pandemic and how we overcame its challenges. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12070-022-03422-5.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Phyllodes tumor (PT) is a fibroepithelial lesion of breast known for presence of a heterogenous stroma. However occurrence of a keratin cyst within PT is a rare incidence. An inadequate sampling during fine needle aspiration (FNA) of such lesions may result in an erroneous cytological diagnosis. CASE REPORT: In the present case, ultrasound guided FNA smears from the breast lump in a 31-year-old lady with a clinical suspicion of malignancy, were repeatedly interpreted as an epidermal inclusion cyst, which was ultimately reported as a borderline PT on mastectomy. CONCLUSION: The case report aims at highlighting the importance of a diligent FNA technique keeping in mind the possibility of the various uncommon lesions especially while dealing with such a heterogenous tumor as phyllodes.
Subject(s)
Epidermal Cyst/diagnosis , Epidermal Cyst/pathology , Keratins/metabolism , Phyllodes Tumor/diagnosis , Phyllodes Tumor/pathology , Adult , Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Breast/diagnostic imaging , Breast/pathology , Female , HumansABSTRACT
Abl1 tyrosine kinase is a validated target for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. It is a form of cancer that is difficult to treat and much research is being done to identify new molecular entities and to tackle drug resistance issues. In recent years, drug resistance of Abl1 tyrosine kinase has become a major healthcare concern. Second and third-generation TKI reported better responses against the resistant forms; still they had no impact on long-term survival prolongation. New compounds derived from natural products and organic small molecule inhibitors can lay the foundation for better clinical therapies in the future. Computational methods, experimental and biological studies can help us understand the mechanism of drug resistance and identify novel molecule inhibitors. ADMET parameters analysis of reported drugs and novel small molecule inhibitors can also provide valuable insights. In this review, available therapies, point mutations, structure-activity relationship and ADMET parameters of reported series of Abl1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors and drugs are summarised. We summarise in detail recent computational and molecular biology studies that focus on designing drug molecules, investigation of natural product compounds and organic new chemical entities. Current ongoing research suggests that selective targeting of Abl1 tyrosine kinase at the molecular level to combat drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia is promising.
Subject(s)
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive , Protein Kinase Inhibitors , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects , Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics , Humans , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/geneticsABSTRACT
Dysregulated fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling is associated with several cancers, including urothelial carcinoma. Preclinical studies with FGFR inhibitors have shown significant antitumor activity, which has led to clinical evaluation of multiple FGFR inhibitors. Recently, erdafitinib was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for advanced urothelial carcinoma with FGFR gene alterations as the first molecularly targeted therapy. Additional ongoing clinical trials with other types of FGFR inhibitors have shown encouraging results. This review summarizes the oncogenic signaling of FGFR alterations, completed and ongoing clinical trials of FGFR inhibitors, and resistance patterns. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Dysregulated fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling is associated with several cancers, including urothelial carcinoma. Preclinical studies with FGFR inhibitors have shown significant antitumor activity, which has led to clinical evaluation of multiple FGFR inhibitors. Most recently, erdafitinib was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for advanced urothelial carcinoma with FGFR gene alterations as the first molecularly targeted therapy. Additional ongoing clinical trials with other types of FGFR inhibitors have shown encouraging results. This review summarizes the oncogenic signaling of FGFR alterations, completed and ongoing clinical trials of FGFR inhibitors, and resistance patterns.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell , Protein Kinase Inhibitors , Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor , Urologic Neoplasms , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/genetics , Humans , Molecular Targeted Therapy , Oncogenes , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics , Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/therapeutic use , Urologic Neoplasms/drug therapyABSTRACT
Natural products continue to play an important role in the discovery and development of new pharmaceuticals. Several chemical compounds have been extracted and identified from its species known as Lantana camara (L .camara). The present study was designed for phytochemical analysis of L. camara and extraction of bioactive compound by HPLC. This also included the antimicrobial activity of the bioactive compound obtained by crude extract and the column extract. The study showed the presence of the bioactive component parthenin extracted from the HPLC analysis at a peak height of 10.3807 and it was showing antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and E. fecalis, crude (6.8 to 8.1 mm ) and column (4.0 to 6.2 mm) zone of inhibition.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Lantana/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Extracts/chemistryABSTRACT
High blood cholesterol levels are consistently associated with higher risk of coronary heart disease, and other life-threatening cardiovascular and cerebro-vascular damage, including fatal strokes. In the present study methanolic extract of Annona cherimola was evaluated for its antihyperlipidemic potential. Acute hyperlipidemia was induced by single administration of Triton WR 1339 (Tyloxapol) intra-peritoneally. There was a significant dose dependent decrease in plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol at the same time considerable increase in HDL-cholesterol levels upon administration of methanolic extract at the dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. Fenofibrate was used as reference standard. Atherogenic index as well as LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio was lowered significantly in case of methanolic extract treated groups compared to normal control which reflects the antihyperlipidemic potential of Annona cherimola.
