ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) during the perinatal period is a significant global health concern, ranking as the fourth-leading contributor to the global burden of disease and the second-leading cause of disability in individuals aged 15-44. This study investigates the association between perinatal MDD, poor nutrition, low prenatal care adherence, substance use and increased suicide risk. METHODOLOGY: A comprehensive review of existing research studies examined the prevalence and consequences of perinatal MDD. Studies focusing on symptoms, risk factors, and associated outcomes in mothers and infants were analyzed to provide a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted impact of MDD during the perinatal period. CONCLUSION: Approximately 10-15% of women experience postpartum depression, with over 60% reporting symptoms within the first 6 weeks postpartum. Postpartum MDD increases the likelihood of preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age newborns and developmental delay. These findings underscore the critical need for comprehensive screening, identification and intervention approaches to mitigate the short and long term consequences of perinatal MDD.
Subject(s)
Depression, Postpartum , Depressive Disorder, Major , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Female , Depression, Postpartum/epidemiology , Depression, Postpartum/therapy , Depression, Postpartum/psychology , Pregnancy , Depressive Disorder, Major/therapy , Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology , Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology , Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Parents/psychology , Delivery of Health Care, IntegratedABSTRACT
Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleptera: Chrysomelidae) is a potential weed control biocontrol agent in Australia, India and other countries. Its grubs and adults feed on the leaves of parthenium weed, Parthenium hysterophorus and check the further growth of the plant. Experiments were conducted to understand host plant-mediated effects of elevated temperature and elevated CO2 on biocontrol agent Z. bicolorata. Food consumption, utilization, ecological efficiency and life-table parameters of Z. bicolorata were studied in grubs and adults stage up to diapause. Reduction of leaf nitrogen in parthenium weed foliage with a significant increase in carbon and C:N ratio was recorded at elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 and temperature had no effect on adult longevity before diapausing. Duration of egg's hatching, specific stages of grub and pupa of Z. bicolorata were significantly longer when beetles fed on leaves grown under elevated CO2 but these parameters decreased significantly on leaves grown under elevated temperature. Significantly high consumption rates with low growth and digestion conversions were observed under elevated CO2 and/or in coupled with elevated temperature. Elevated CO2 and temperature-grown parthenium weed foliage also had a significant effect on Z. bicolorata intrinsic rate of increase (R), finite rate of increase (λ), mean generation time (T), and gross reproductive rate. Changed quality of parthenium weed leaves in elevated CO2 and temperature levels resulted in the increase of consumption, slower food conversion rates, increase in developmental period with reduced reproduction efficiency of Z. bicolorata. Our results indicate that the reproduction efficiency of Z. bicolorata is likely to be reduced as the climate changes, despite increased feeding rates exhibited by grubs and adult beetles on parthenium weed foliage.
