The Prevalence and Etiology of Surgical Site Infections Following Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery: A Cross-Sectional Study From a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Background Surgical site infection (SSI) is the most commonly occurring infection in postoperative patients. This study is conducted to evaluate the prevalence of SSI in patients following gastrointestinal tract surgery and identify the risk factors. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi, Pakistan, between December 2021 and May 2022. A total of 132 patients participated in the study who were at least 18 years older and had undergone the gastrointestinal surgical procedure. Patients who refused to give consent, died after the procedure, and were diagnosed with SSI after they were discharged were excluded from the study. We performed a chi-squared test. Result A total of 132 patients were included in the study, of which 63 (47.7%) were males, while 69 (52.3%) were females. SSI was more commonly found among the age group of 41-70 years with 29 (38.7%) patients. Presurgical features including hemoglobin of >11 mg/dL, albumin of >3.5 g/dL, blood glucose of <80 mg/dL, and emergency surgery were found to be associated with the SSI having a significant p-value. Similarly, the surgical and postsurgical features significantly associated with the SSI having a significant p-value were the presence of surgical trauma, wound irrigation with normal saline, malignancy, bowel preparation, longer duration of the surgery, intraoperative hypotension, operative site, drain insertion, and the absence of a second antibiotic. Conclusion The early identification and management of the demographical, presurgical, surgical, and postsurgical risk factors can help reduce the incidence of SSIs. Bowel preparation should be encouraged, and unnecessary delays during the surgical process leading to increased procedure time should be avoided. Extra precaution needs to be provided for the patients highly susceptible to SSIs.

Frequency of Electrolyte Imbalance in Patients Presenting With Acute Stroke.

Introduction Electrolyte disturbances are commonly reported in acute stroke in studies conducted in the western world. Presently, the data available about the prevalence of electrolyte disturbance in patients with stroke are not sufficient, especially from developing countries. The purpose of our study is to determine the frequency of occurrence of electrolyte imbalance in patients presenting with acute stroke in a tertiary care hospital. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of internal medicine and neurology in a tertiary care hospital, Pakistan, from December 2019 to March 2021. A total of 300 patients, aged between 30 and 70 years, with either ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, as diagnosed on contrast tomography (CT) scan of the head or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, were enrolled in the study. The biochemical analysis of the stroke patients was done. Results Out of the 300 participants, 139 (46.3%) participants were from the ischemic stroke group while 161 (53.7%) were from the hemorrhagic stroke group. The mean sodium level was significantly lower in the ischemic group as compared to the hemorrhagic group (129.41 ± 3.12 mEq/L vs. 134.42 ± 3.46 mEq/L; p-value: <0.0001). Potassium level was significantly higher in the hemorrhagic group compared to the ischemic group (6.27 ± 1.12 mmol vs. 4.31 ± 0.71 mmol; p-value: <0.0001). Conclusion Patients coming to emergency with stroke should be screened immediately for electrolyte imbalance. Early identification of rapid imbalances of serum electrolytes may aid in prompt medical intervention and resultant improved outcomes in stroke patients. It is crucial that electrolyte imbalances in these patients are closely monitored to avoid any complications.

Association Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Serum Vitamin D Levels.

Introduction Vitamin D is responsible for regulating innate and adaptive immune responses and for boosting the immune system; hence, a decline in its levels results in autoimmunity. Current studies have linked the deficiency of vitamin D to different autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we will determine the association between vitamin D level and RA. Methods This is a case-control study, conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan from January 2021 to May 2021. Three hundred patients with a confirmed recent diagnosis of RA were enrolled as the study group. Another 300 participants without RA, matched for age and gender, were enrolled in the study as a control group. RA was diagnosed on the basis of clinical symptoms, radiological features on X-ray, and anti-citrullinated protein levels of more than 20 u/mL. Results The mean vitamin D level in participants with RA was significantly lower than in the placebo group (30.18 ± 6.27 vs. 38.29 ± 7.98; p-value: <0.0001). The mean vitamin D level in participants with positive RF patients was significantly lower compared to rheumatoid factor (RF)-negative RA patients (29.21 ± 5.16 vs. 32.26 ± 7.02; p-value: <0.0001). There were more participants with hypovitaminosis D in RF-positive participants as compared to RF negative (88.6% vs. 44.3%; p-value: 0.00001). Conclusion There is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with RA and there is a link with disease severity. Therefore, a high index of suspicion is required while evaluating the at-risk patients, especially women, with complaints of vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D supplementation may be needed for the prevention or avoidance of the progression of the disease.

Alzheimer and vascular dementia in the elderly patients.

OBJECTIVES: To find out the frequency of Alzheimer's and Vascular dementia in the elderly patients. METHODS: This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in Department of Medicine, Ziauddin Hospital Karachi from 1st October 2013 to 31st March 2014. Patients with symptoms of dementia for more than 6 months duration, and Mini Mental State Examination score <24 were included in this study. Patients who fell in category of dementia were assessed for duration of symptoms. Patients underwent CT scan of brain. Patients with generalized atrophy of brain on CT scanning of brain were labeled as Alzheimer's dementia, while patients with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke on CT scan of brain were labeled as vascular dementia. RESULTS: Four hundred twenty two patients were included in this study. There were 232 (54.98 %) male and 190 (45.02 %) were female. The mean age ± SD of the patients was 72.58±5.34 years (95% CI: 72.07 to 73.09), similarly average duration of symptoms was 10.14±2.85 months. About 18.96% of patients were illiterate, 32.23% were matric, 28.44% were intermediate and 20.33% were graduate and post graduate. Hypertension and diabetes were the commonest co-morbid i.e. 81.3% and 73.7%, hyperlipedimia and smoking were 38.2% and 45% respectively. Frequency of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in the elderly was observed in 3.79% (16/422) and 2.61% (11/422) cases. CONCLUSION: A good number of patients, 27 out of 422, in this hospital based study were suffering from Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Early detection and prompt treatment can reduce the burden of the disease in our population.