In-silico evaluation of Oroxylum indicum vent compounds in the plausible treatment and prevention of nasopharyngeal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Shyonaka (Oroxylum indicum Vent) is widely used in Ayurveda and in ethnomedical practice for the treatment of inflammation, pain, diarrhea, non-healing ulcers, and cancer. Owing to the high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients, simultaneous targeting of proteins involved in both EBV replication and NPC proliferation might help to manage the disease effectively. OBJECTIVES: This study is designed to identify potential dual targeting inhibitors from Oroxylum indicum having the potential to inhibit both EBV and NPC. This study also attempted quantitative analysis of Shyonaka Bark Decoction (SBD) to confirm the presence of Baicalein and Chrysin which are predominant marker compounds of Shyonaka. METHODOLOGY: The HPLC analysis of stem bark and root bark of Oroxylum indicum was done to estimate the presence of marker compounds Baicalein and Chrysalin. The in-silico analysis included ADMET analysis followed by molecular docking of known compounds from Oroxylum indicum (retrieved from IMPPAT database) onto the target proteins of EBV (BHRF1, NEC1, dUTPase, Uracil DNA glycosylase) and NPC (COX-2, EGFR, and MDM2) using DOCK6 tool. Further validations were done using the molecular dynamics simulations of top screened molecules onto the selected target proteins using AMBER20 package and their corresponding MMGBSA binding free-energy values were calculated. RESULTS: The molecular docking revealed that the key molecules from the plant, scutellarein 7-rutinoside (S7R), scutellarin (SCU) and 6-hydroxyluteolin, Baicalein and 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one (57D) are effectively intervening with the target proteins of EBV, one of the key causative factors of NPC and the NPC specific targets which have the potential to reduce tumor size and other consequences of NPC. The molecular dynamics simulations of S7R, Baicalein and 57D, Baicalein with MDM-2 protein and dUTPase protein, respectively, showed stable interactions between them which were further assessed by the binding energy calculations. CONCLUSION: Overall, the in-silico evaluation of these phytochemicals with target proteins indicates their potential to inhibit both EBV and NPC which needs further in-vitro and in-vivo validations.

Revolutionizing Infertility Management through Novel Peptide-based Targets.

Around 48 million couples and 186 million people worldwide have infertility; of these, approximately 85% have an identifiable cause, the most common being ovulatory dysfunctions, male infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, and tubule disease. The remaining 15% have infertility for unknown reasons, including lifestyle and environmental factors. The regulation of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) is crucial for the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which are essential for female reproductive functions. GnRH is the primary reproductive axis regulator. The pattern of GnRH, FSH, and LH release is determined by its pulsatile secretion, which in turn controls endocrine function and gamete maturation in the gonads. Peptides called Kisspeptin (KP), Neurokinin-B (NKB), and Orexin influence both positive and negative feedback modulation of GnRH, FSH, and LH secretion in reproduction. This review article mainly focuses on the historical perspective, isoform, and signaling pathways of KP, NKB, and Orexin novel peptide-based targets including clinical and preclinical studies and having a promising effect in the management of infertility.

Topography of root-end surface after freehand and three-dimensional-guided apicoectomy procedure: A scanning electron microscope study.

Background: Dentinal microcracks formed during apical resection may lead to increased susceptibility to root fracture and improper sealing of apical preparation that may negatively influence the outcome of endodontic microsurgery. Aims: This study was performed to analyze the root-end surface for dentinal microcracks using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) after resection with high-speed bur and trephine drill. Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted single-rooted maxillary premolar teeth were selected and randomly distributed into two groups (n = 15). Working length was established using a #15 K-type file. Canals were prepared with a rotary Ni-Ti system to size 30/0.06 using endomotor, irrigated with 3% sodium hypochlorite, dried with paper points, and obturated with gutta-percha cones using a single-cone technique. All samples were mounted on preformed molds and poured using a mixture of sawdust and gypsum. In Group A; tungsten carbide bur was used to perform a freehand apicoectomy. In Group B; a trephine drill was used with a three-dimensional guide to perform 3 mm of root resection. Apicoectomy was performed in both groups under a dental operating microscope. Resected root ends were inspected for microcracks using SEM. The Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney U-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Microcracks were observed in all samples in both study groups. Trephine drill produced more microcracks on the resected root surface compared to the use of high-speed tungsten carbide bur with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The trephine drill used during targeted endodontic microsurgery produced more microcracks on the resected root dentine surface compared to the high-speed tungsten carbide bur used during freehand apicoectomy.

Evaluation of the non-endoscopic and endoscopic-assisted platysma flap - A randomized control trial.

Background and Aim: As oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic progressive disorder, the treatment is based on the severity of the disease. Surgical treatment is the only choice for grade III and grade IV OSMF cases because the patient can neither clean his/her mouth nor properly chew. The resulting soft tissue defect requires resurfacing with various well-vascularized tissues such as extraoral flaps, intraoral flaps, microvascular flaps, and allografts that have been used. Reconstruction of the resultant defects proved to be challenging. Till date, none of the flaps has been proven to be effective and is universally accepted for the treatment of OSMF because of various drawbacks of the available techniques. This study was conducted to know whether an endoscopic-assisted platysma flap is associated with better outcomes in terms of ease of operation and postoperative function than the conventional approach. Materials and Methods: This study included 40 patients of grade III and grade IV OSMF reporting to the outpatient department of oral and maxillofacial surgery in a tertiary center of North India. These patients were divided randomly into two groups. Group I and Group II had 20 patients each, undergoing endoscopic-assisted platysma flap and non-endoscopic-assisted platysma flap for reconstruction after resection of OSMF bands, respectively. Data were analyzed for the mouth opening, operating time, flap viability, congestion of neck and oral cavity, signs of inflammation, neurologic assessment, and measurement of the drain. Results: The results showed significant increase in mouth opening from the preoperative value to the values immediately after surgery and at 24 h, 1 week, 15 days, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery in both the study groups. Reduced bleeding incidence was found in group I compared to group II, with better postoperative outcomes noted during follow-up. But the mean intraoperative time of the subjects in group I was 130.80 ± 5.5.908 min and in group II was 105.74 ± 2. 491 min. Increased time taken in group I may be due to the long learning curve. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the Endoscope-assisted technique has a key role during supra and subplatysmal dissection to allow for better accessibility, handling, and visibility of the flap and its orientation in relation to the underlying structures to avoid postoperative complications and to overcome the drawback of platysma myocutaneous flap in reconstruction of OSMF defects.

Understanding the relationship between cerebellum and the frontal-cortex region of C9orf72-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A comparative analysis of genetic features.

BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a relentlessly progressive and fatal neurodegenerative diseases for which at present no cure is available. Despite the extensive research the progress from diagnosis to prognosis in ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has been slow which represents suboptimal understanding of disease pathophysiological processes. In recent studies, several genes have been associated with the ALS and FTD diseases such as SOD1, TDP43, and TBK1, whereas the hexanucleotide GGGGCC repeat expansion (HRE) in C9orf72 gene is a most frequent cause of ALS and FTD, that has changed the understanding of these diseases. METHODS: The goal of this study was to identify and spatially determine differential gene expression signature differences between cerebellum and frontal cortex in C9orf72-associated ALS (C9-ALS), to study the network properties of these differentially expressed genes, and to identify miRNAs targeting the common differentially expressed genes in both the tissues. This study thus highlights underlying differential cell susceptibilities to the disease mechanisms in C9-ALS and suggesting therapeutic target selection in C9-ALS. RESULTS: In this manuscript, we have identified that the genes involved in neuron development, protein localization and transcription are mostly enriched in cerebellum of C9-ALS patients, while the UPR-related genes are enriched in the frontal cortex. Of note, UPR pathway genes were mostly dysregulated both in the C9-ALS cerebellum and frontal cortex. Overall, the data presented here show that defects in normal RNA processing and the UPR pathway are the pathological hallmarks of C9-ALS. Interestingly, the cerebellum showed more strong transcriptome changes than the frontal cortex. CONCLUSION: Interestingly, the cerebellum region showed more significant transcriptomic changes as compared to the frontal cortex region suggesting its active participation in the disease process. This nuanced understanding may offer valuable insights for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating disease progression in C9-ALS.

Pattern-recognition receptors and immunometabolic reprogramming: what we know and what to explore.

BACKGROUND: Evolutionarily, immune response is a complex mechanism that protects the host from internal and external threats. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize MAMPs, PAMPs, and DAMPs to initiate a protective pro-inflammatory immune response. PRRs are expressed on the cell membranes by TLR1, 2, 4, and 6 and in the cytosolic organelles by TLR3, 7, 8, and 9, NLRs, ALRs, and cGLRs. We know their downstream signaling pathways controlling immunoregulatory and pro-inflammatory immune response. However, the impact of PRRs on metabolic control of immune cells to control their pro- and anti-inflammatory activity has not been discussed extensively. SUMMARY: Immune cell metabolism or immunometabolism critically determines immune cells' pro-inflammatory phenotype and function. The current article discusses immunometabolic reprogramming (IR) upon activation of different PRRs, such as TLRs, NLRs, cGLRs, and RLRs. The duration and type of PRR activated, species studied, and location of immune cells to specific organ are critical factors to determine the IR-induced immune response. KEY MESSAGE: The work herein describes IR upon TLR, NLR, cGLR, and RLR activation. Understanding IR upon activating different PRRs is critical for designing better immune cell-specific immunotherapeutics and immunomodulators targeting inflammation and inflammatory diseases.

Decreased mRNA expression of NR1H3 and ABCA1 in pulmonary tuberculosis patients from population of Punjab, India.

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the causative organism of tuberculosis. Cholesterol is a crucial carbon source required for the survival of MTB in host cells. Transcription factor NR1H3 along with its important target genes ABCA1 and ApoE play important role in removal of extra cholesterol from cells. Changes in the gene expression of NR1H3, ABCA1 and ApoE can affect cholesterol homeostasis and thus the survival of MTB in host cells.Therefore, the present study was designed to analyze the mRNA expression of NR1H3, ABCA1 and ApoE in pulmonary TB (PTB) patients from the population of Punjab, India. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, mRNA expression of the transcription factor NR1H3 and its target genes ABCA1 and ApoE was analyzed in 89 subjects, including 41 PTB patients and 48 healthy controls (HCs) by real-time quantitative PCR. It was found that the mRNA expression of both NR1H3 and ABCA1 genes was significantly lower in TB patients than in HCs (p < 0.001). Even after sex-wise stratification of the subjects, mRNA expression of NR1H3 and ABCA1 was found to be down-regulated in both male and female TB patients. No significant difference was observed in expression of ApoE (p = 0.98). CONCLUSIONS: The present study found that the mRNA expression of NR1H3 and ABCA1 is down-regulated in TB patients from Punjab state of India.

Uncommon Pathogen: Achromobacter xylosoxidans Infection Following Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Introduction: Achromobacter xylosoxidans is an uncommon opportunistic organism, mainly causing infection in immune-compromised hosts. A. xylosoxidans is a non-fermenting Gram-negative bacillus. Being closely associated with Alcaligenes species was also called A. xylosoxidans. Case Report: A few cases of periprosthetic infection by A. xylosoxidans have been reported outside India. A periprosthetic infection with A. xylosoxidans following a total knee arthroplasty is reported in a female. Conclusion: A. xylosoxidans is a pathogen capable of causing prosthetic joint infection even in immunocompetent patients. Thorough debridement and appropriate antibiotic treatment is essential for the success of revision surgery.

In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations of Chromone Derivatives as Potential Multitarget-Directed Ligands: Cognitive Amelioration Utilizing a Scopolamine-Induced Zebrafish Model.

Alzheimer's disease is a complex neurological disorder linked with multiple pathological hallmarks. The interrelation of therapeutic targets assists in the enhancement of cognitive decline through interference with overall neuronal transmission. We have synthesized and screened various chromone derivatives as potential multitarget-directed ligands for the effective treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The synthesized compounds exhibited multipotent activity against AChE, BuChE, MAO-B, and amyloid ß aggregation. Three potent compounds, i.e., VN-3, VN-14, and VN-19 were identified that displayed remarkable activities against different targets. These compounds displayed IC50 values of 80 nM, 2.52 µM, and 140 nM against the AChE enzyme, respectively, and IC50 values of 2.07 µM, 70 nM, and 450 nM against the MAO-B isoform, respectively. VN-3 displayed potent activity against self-induced Aß1-42 aggregation with inhibition of 58.3%. In the ROS inhibition studies, the most potent compounds reduced the intracellular ROS levels up to 80% in SH-SY5Y cells at 25 µM concentration. The compounds were found to be neuroprotective and noncytotoxic even at a concentration of 25 µM against SH-SY5Y cells. In silico studies showed that the compounds were nicely accommodated in the active sites of the receptors along with thermodynamically stable orientations. Compound VN-19 exhibited a balanced multitargeting profile against AChE, BuChE, MAO-B, and Aß1-42 enzymes and was further evaluated for in vivo activities on the scopolamine-induced zebrafish model. VN-19 was found to ameliorate the cognitive decline in zebrafish brains by protecting them against scopolamine-induced neurodegeneration. Thus, VN-3, VN-14, and VN-19 were identified as potent multitarget-directed ligands with a balanced activity profile against different targets and can be developed as therapeutics for AD.

Biofortification as a solution for addressing nutrient deficiencies and malnutrition.

Malnutrition, defined as both undernutrition and overnutrition, is a major global health concern affecting millions of people. One possible way to address nutrient deficiency and combat malnutrition is through biofortification. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to explore the current state of biofortification research, including techniques, applications, effectiveness and challenges. Biofortification is a promising strategy for enhancing the nutritional condition of at-risk populations. Biofortified varieties of basic crops, including rice, wheat, maize and beans, with elevated amounts of vital micronutrients, such as iron, zinc, vitamin A and vitamin C, have been successfully developed using conventional and advanced technologies. Additionally, the ability to specifically modify crop genomes to improve their nutritional profiles has been made possible by recent developments in genetic engineering, such as CRISPR-Cas9 technology. The health conditions of people have been shown to improve and nutrient deficiencies were reduced when biofortified crops were grown. Particularly in environments with limited resources, biofortification showed considerable promise as a long-term and economical solution to nutrient shortages and malnutrition. To fully exploit the potential of biofortified crops to enhance public health and global nutrition, issues such as consumer acceptance, regulatory permitting and production and distribution scaling up need to be resolved. Collaboration among governments, researchers, non-governmental organizations and the private sector is essential to overcome these challenges and promote the widespread adoption of biofortification as a key part of global food security and nutrition strategies.

Innovative Technique of Chest Wall Reconstruction After Extensive Tumour Ablation Surgery.

Chest wall reconstruction is among one of the most challenging surgeries because the defect comprises multiple components and each needs to be reconstructed separately with like tissues. Chest wall reconstruction ranges from simple skin cover to complex bony and or mediastinal/precordial reconstruction. Various methods of reconstruction include autologous as well alloplastic techniques. Autologous techniques include regional or distant flaps with or without bone. Whereas alloplastic techniques include the placement of a variety of implant materials like titanium plate/mesh, stainless steel mesh, medpore and biocompatible 3D-printed models. we present this article where extensive resection was performed, aiming to complete removal of recurrent chest wall chondrosarcoma and defect included all components of chest wall including precordial lining. The reconstruction was performed by using combined autologous as well as alloplastic techniques using acrylic implant.

Ecological and human health risk from exposure to metal contaminated sediments in a subtropical river affected by anthropogenic activities: A case study from river Yamuna.

Heavy metal enrichment in river sediments poses a significant risk to human and aquatic health. The Yamuna River faces severe challenges due to untreated industrial and domestic wastewater discharge. The study evaluates sediment metal content, ecological and human health risks, and potential sources. Results showed Cd and Pb exhibited moderate to severe contamination and displayed ecological risk based on contamination factor, enrichment factor, and potential ecological risk. According to synergistic indices (pollution load index, PINemerow, toxic risk index, contamination security index, mean probable effects level quotients, and probability of toxicity), the sediment in the Yamuna River doesn't seem to have a risk or enrichment from combined metals. Cd and Pb mainly originate from anthropogenic sources. Hazard index (< 1) and carcinogenic risk (2.2 × 10-7 to 4.7 × 10-5) assessments suggest metal didn't pose any risk to humans exposed to sediment. The present study aids in developing pollution control strategies for the Yamuna River.

Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial and In Silico Studies of isatin Schiff base linked 1,2,3-triazole hybrids.

A new series of isatin-Schiff base linked 1,2,3-triazole hybrids has been synthesized using CuAAC approach from (E)-3-(phenylimino)-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)indolin-2-one derivatives in high yield (73-91 %). These synthesized derivatives were characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 2D-NMR and HRMS spectral techniques. The in vitro antimicrobial activity assay proposed that most of the tested hybrids exhibited promising activity. Compound 5j displayed good significant antibacterial efficacy against P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis with MIC value of 0.0062 µmol/mL. While, 5j showed better antifungal potency against A. niger with MIC value of 0.0123 µmol/mL. The docking studies of most promising compounds were also performed with the well-known antibacterial and antifungal targets i.e. 1KZ1, 5TZ1. Molecular modelling investigations demonstrated that hybrids 5h and 5l exhibited good interactions with 1KZN and 5TZ1, with binding energies of -9.6 and -11.0 kcal/mol, respectively. Further, molecular dynamics studies of the compounds showing promising binding interactions were also carried out to study the stability of complexes of these hybrids with both the targets.

Unveiling the Nexus: Cellular Metabolomics Unravels the Impact of Estrogen on Nicotinamide Metabolism in Mitigating Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a metabolic joint disorder influenced by hormonal regulation, notably estrogen, which plays a cytoprotective role against inflammation. While estrogen's impact on RA pathogenesis has been studied, the altered metabolite expression under estrogen's influence remains unexplored. This study investigated the changes in the metabolome of synovial fibroblasts isolated from RA patients under 17ß-estradiol (E2) using the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach followed by multivariate and biological pathway analysis along with in vitro validation. Results identified 3624 m/z, among which eight metabolites were significant (p < 0.05). Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism was found to be highly correlated with the treatment of E2, with metabolites NAD+ and 1-methynicotinamide (1-MNA) upregulated by E2 induction in RA-FLS. PharmMapper analysis identified potential gene targets of 1-MNA, which were further matched with RA gene targets, and thus, STAT1, MAPK14, MMP3, and MMP9 were concluded to be the common targets. E2 treatment affected the expression of these gene targets and ameliorated the development of oxidative stress associated with RA inflammation, which can be attributed to increased concentration of 1-MNA. Thus, an LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics study revealed the prominent role of estrogen in preventing inflammatory progression in RA by altering metabolite concentration, which can support its therapeutic capacity in remitting RA.

Novel cryotherapy technique for pulpotomy in mature permanent teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis- a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of cryotherapy on haemostasis, post-operative pain, and the outcome of full pulpotomy performed in mature permanent teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included sixty mature permanent mandibular molar teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and no periapical rarefaction. After coronal pulp tissue amputation, teeth were randomly allocated to one of two groups (n = 30 each). In group I (conventional pulpotomy), a sterile cotton pellet moistened with 2.5% NaOCl was used for haemostasis. In group II (cryotherapy), the pulp chamber was continuously lavaged with 2.50C normal saline solution for haemostasis using an indigenous portable cryotherapy irrigation unit. Following haemostasis, the pulp was capped with mineral trioxide aggregate and the tooth was restored with resin composite. The time taken to achieve haemostasis was recorded. Preoperative and 24, 48 and 72 h postoperative pain was measured using the Numerical Rating Scale. The pulpotomy outcome was assessed at the 12-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using Fischer's exact test, two-sample t-test, two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Friedman Test, and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. RESULTS: The cryotherapy group achieved haemostasis in less time (p < 0.05). There was a significant pain reduction at 24 and 48 h in the cryotherapy group when compared with the conventional pulpotomy group (P < 0.005). The overall success rate of pulpotomy after 12 months was 88% (n = 22) in both study groups(p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Cryotherapy application reduces postoperative pain and has no adverse effect on the outcome of pulpotomy in permanent teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The cryotherapy can be incorporated in pulpotomy protocol as an adjunct to minimize post-operative pain.

Immune Homeostasis: A Novel Example of Teamwork.

All living organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive, reproduce, and pass their traits on to the next generation. If homeostasis is not maintained, it can result in various diseases and ultimately lead to death. Physiologists have coined the term "homeostasis" to describe this process. With the emergence of immunology as a separate branch of medicine, the concept of immune homeostasis has been introduced. Maintaining immune homeostasis is crucial to support overall homeostasis through different immunological and non-immunological routes. Any changes in the immune system can lead to chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, frequent infections, and cancers. Ongoing scientific advances are exploring new avenues in immunology and immune homeostasis maintenance. This chapter introduces the concept of immune homeostasis and its maintenance through different mechanisms.

Furanocoumarins promote proteasomal degradation of viral HBx protein and down-regulate cccDNA transcription and replication of hepatitis B virus.

Nucleot(s)ide analogues, the current antiviral treatments against chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection, are non-curative due to their inability to eliminate covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) from the infected hepatocytes. Preclinical studies have shown that coumarin derivatives can effectively reduce the HBV DNA replication. We evaluated the antiviral efficacy of thirty new coumarin derivatives in cell culture models for studying HBV. Furanocoumarins Fc-20 and Fc-31 suppressed the levels of pre-genomic RNA as well as cccDNA, and reduced the secretion of virions, HBsAg and HBeAg. The antiviral efficacies of Fc-20 and Fc31 improved further when used in combination with the hepatitis B antiviral drug Entecavir. There was a marked reduction in the intracellular HBx level in the presence of these furanocoumarins due to proteasomal degradation resulting in the down-regulation of HBx-dependent viral genes. Importantly, both Fc-20 and Fc-31 were non-cytotoxic to cells even at high concentrations. Further, our molecular docking studies confirmed a moderate to high affinity interaction between furanocoumarins and viral HBx via residues Ala3, Arg26 and Lys140. These data suggest that furanocoumarins could be developed as a new therapeutic for CHB infection.

Xbra modulates the activity of linker region phosphorylated Smad1 during Xenopus development.

The Bmp/Smad1 pathway plays a crucial role in developmental processes and tissue homeostasis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (Mapk)/Erk mediated phosphorylation of Smad1 in the linker region leads to Smad1 degradation, cytoplasmic retention and inhibition of Bmp/Smad1 signaling. While Fgf/Erk pathway has been documented to inhibit Bmp/Smad1 signaling, several studies also suggests the cooperative interaction between these two pathways in different context. However, the precise role and molecular pathway of this collaborative interaction remain obscure. Here, we identified Xbra induced by Fgf/Erk signaling as a factor in a protective mechanism for Smad1. Xbra physically interacted with the linker region phosphorylated Smad1 to make Xbra/Smad1/Smad4 trimeric complex, leading to Smad1 nuclear localization and protecting it from ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. This interaction of Xbra/Smad1/Smad4 led to sustained nuclear localization of Smad1 and the upregulation of lateral mesoderm genes, while concurrently suppression of neural and blood forming genes. Taken together, the results suggests Xbra-dependent cooperative interplays between Fgf/Erk and Bmp/Smad1 signaling during lateral mesoderm specification in Xenopus embryos.

Comparative evaluation of full and partial pulpotomy in permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to conduct a comparative evaluation of partial and full pulpotomy techniques in cariously exposed teeth with symptoms indicative of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science were searched. Studies evaluating and/or comparing clinical and/or radiographic success of partial and full pulpotomy in teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis with a minimum of 12 months follow-up were included. The risk of bias (ROB) tool was used for the assessment of ROB. A meta-analysis was conducted to compare the healing outcome of partial and full pulpotomy. Three studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, there was a low risk of bias in each of the five domains. Full pulpotomy had a higher success rate than partial pulpotomy, according to meta-analysis, but the difference was not statistically significant.