Porphyromonas Gingivalis in the Development of Periodontitis: Impact on Dysbiosis and Inflammation.

Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the dental plaque and affects the soft tissues supporting the tooth. It is one of the most practical oral health issues across the globe and adversely affects the quality of life. In a neutrophil-mediated action, the inflammatory response to periodontitis destroys the periodontal ligaments, gums, the alveolar bone, and the cementum. Some of the most associated invasive pathogens with periodontitis are Porphyromonas Gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetecomitans, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Google Scholar and PubMed were used to search the evidence using key terms like 'periodontitis,' 'Porphyromonas Gingivalis,' 'Oral Dysbiosis and Periodontitis,' 'Porphyromonas Gingivalis and Periodontitis,' etc. Only studies were included reviewing the Porphyromonas Gingivalis and its role in periodontitis. It has been observed from several oral pathogens that P. gingivalis has received immense attention due to a strong association between Porphyromonas Gingivalis and periodontal disease. Porphyromonas Gingivalis also disrupts the delicate balance between various members of the oral microbial communities and promotes oral dysbiosis. The dysbiotic state of the oral microbiome is distinct in functional capabilities and shows a higher expression of genes involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis, energy regulation, and bacterial motility. Certain virulence factors such as gingipains, LPS, and fimbriae also increase the invasion and pathogenicity of Porphyromonas Gingivalis. Its presence in the periodontal tissues increases the secretion of numerous pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-1ß, leading to the destruction of soft gingival tissues and ligaments. Early detection of periodontitis and immediate treatment can prevent soft tissue destruction and dentition loss. In conclusion, details about the oral microbiome, oral dysbiosis, and inflammation may offer new therapeutic options in the future, including a personalized approach and the use of combination therapy.

Increasing Efficacy of Covid-19 Vaccines by Lifestyle Interventions.

COVID-19 caused a serious threat to the world population as it spread worldwide rapidly. Existing medicines and vaccines could not cure and control this deadly disease. In this regard, several vaccines have been proposed and designed to control this infection's spread effectively. Along with these vaccines, the general population should adopt specific lifestyle interventions to strengthen their immune system and combat deadly viruses. We used Google Scholar and PubMed databases to find the related information using key terms such as 'COVID-19', 'COVID-19 AND Vaccine efficacy', 'Lifestyle intervention AND COVID-19', and "Lifestyle intervention AND Vaccines," etc. Only articles that discussed the interactions between lifestyle intervention and the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines were selected for this study. Several previous clinical trials and scientific observations with influenza, polio, and other viral vaccines have demonstrated that vaccine response varies across individuals for antibody titer, independent of vaccine antigenicity. This different vaccine response observed among individuals is attributed to several factors such as dietary and nutritional habits, physical activity, stress and sleep deprivation, deficiency of micronutrients (minerals, vitamins), gut microbiota composition, immunosenescence, smoking, and drinking habits. Although there is not much information about COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and lifestyle interventions, experience with other vaccines can undoubtedly be used to suggest lifestyle interventions to improve COVID-19 vaccine efficacy. These lifestyle interventions may boost antibody responses against COVID-19 vaccines, leading to higher protection from the disease, especially among elderly and immunocompromised people. In conclusion, the present review attempts to understand the role of various nutritional and psychological factors that lead to poor vaccine response and suggests specific nutritional and psychological interventions that can enhance vaccine efficacy and improve immune response against COVID-19 vaccines.