ABSTRACT
The stabilization mechanism of natural rubber (NR) latex from Hevea brasiliensis was studied to investigate the components involved in base-catalyzed ester hydrolysis, namely, hydrolyzable lipids, ammonia, and the products responsible for the desired phenomenon observed in ammonia-preserved NR latex. Latex stability is generally thought to come from a rubber particle (RP) dispersion in the serum, which is encouraged by negatively charged species distributed on the RP surface. The mechanical stability time (MST) and zeta potential were measured to monitor field latices preserved in high (FNR-HA) and low ammonia (FNR-LA) contents as well as that with the ester-containing components removed (saponified NR) at different storage times. Amounts of carboxylates of free fatty acids (FFAs), which were released by the transformation and also hypothesized to be responsible for the like-charge repulsion of RPs, were measured as the higher fatty acid (HFA) number and corroborated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) both qualitatively and quantitatively. The lipids and their FFA products interact differently with Nile red, which is a lipid-selective and polarity-sensitive fluorophore, and consequently re-emit characteristically. The results were confirmed by conventional ester content determination utilizing different solvent extraction systems to reveal that the lipids hydrolyzed to provide negatively charged fatty acid species were mainly the polar lipids (glycolipids and phospholipids) at the RP membrane but not those directly linked to the rubber molecule and, to a certain extent, those suspended in the serum. From new findings disclosed herein together with those already reported, a new model for the Hevea rubber particle in the latex form is proposed.
ABSTRACT
A solid-phase total synthesis of integerrimide A (1) is reported. This work employs a safety-catch linker which enables head-to-tail cyclisation of the required linear peptide 6 as a method of cleaving the peptide from the solid support, and highlights a new tandem approach to direct macrocyclisation. It provides access to useful quantities of 1 in 16 steps and 19% overall yield, based on the manufacturer's stated resin substitution from commercially available materials, and also verifies the absolute stereochemistry of the natural product.
Subject(s)
Cyclization , Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis , Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry , Solid-Phase Synthesis TechniquesABSTRACT
A sequential, organocatalysed asymmetric reaction to access chiral 1,2-oxazines and chiral pyridazines is reported, which proceeds in moderate to good yields and good to excellent enantioselectivities.
Subject(s)
Oxazines/chemical synthesis , Pyridazines/chemical synthesis , Aldehydes/chemistry , Catalysis , Ketones/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Oxazines/chemistry , Pyridazines/chemistry , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
A sequential, organocatalysed asymmetric reaction to access chiral 1,2-oxazines from achiral ketone starting materials is reported, which proceeds in moderate to good yields and excellent enantioselectivity.
Subject(s)
Ketones/chemistry , Oxazines/chemical synthesis , Pyrroles/chemistry , Aldehydes/chemistry , Catalysis , Hydroxylation , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Molecular Structure , Oxazines/chemistry , Propanols/chemistry , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
[reaction: see text] The organocatalyzed asymmetric synthesis of chiral dihydro-1,2-oxazines from achiral starting materials proceeds in moderate to excellent yields and excellent enantioselectivity. This sequential reaction gives the desired products in a single pot.
