ABSTRACT
Piperine is the principal alkaloid in black peppers (Piper nigrum L.), which is a commonly included spice in anti-diarrheal formulations. Piperine has antispasmodic activities, but its anti-secretory effect is not known. Therefore, this study investigated the anti-secretory effect of piperine and its underlying mechanism. Piperine inhibited cAMP-mediated Cl- secretion in human intestinal epithelial (T84) cells, similar to black pepper extract. Intraluminal administration of piperine (2 µg/loop) suppressed cholera toxin-induced intestinal fluid accumulation by â¼85% in mice. The anti-secretory mechanism of piperine was investigated by evaluating its effects on the activity of transport proteins involved in cAMP-mediated Cl- secretion. Notably, piperine inhibited CFTR Cl- channel activity (IC50#8'6#10 µM) without affecting intracellular cAMP levels. The mechanisms of piperine-induced CFTR inhibition did not involve MRP4-mediated cAMP efflux, AMPK or TRPV1. Piperine also inhibited cAMP-activated basolateral K+ channels, but it had no effect on Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporters or Na+-K+ ATPases. Piperine suppressed Ca2+-activated Cl- channels (CaCC) without affecting intracellular Ca2+ concentrations or Ca2+-activated basolateral K+ channels. Collectively, this study indicates that the anti-secretory effect of piperine involves the inhibition of CFTR, CaCC and cAMP-activated basolateral K+ channels. Piperine represents a novel class of drug candidates for the treatment of diarrheal diseases caused by the intestinal hypersecretion of Cl-.
Subject(s)
Alkaloids/pharmacology , Benzodioxoles/pharmacology , Chlorides/metabolism , Intestines/drug effects , Piper nigrum/chemistry , Piperidines/pharmacology , Polyunsaturated Alkamides/pharmacology , Animals , Biological Transport/drug effects , Caco-2 Cells , Cell Line, Tumor , Cholera Toxin/pharmacology , Cyclic AMP/metabolism , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/metabolism , Humans , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred CFTR , Potassium Channel Blockers/pharmacology , Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated/metabolism , Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/metabolismABSTRACT
A convenient synthesis of inokosterone has been accomplished. Inokosterone exists as two C-25 epimers, which could be separated from each other through their diacetonide derivatives. The absolute configuration of these compounds was determined. Two C-25 epimers of 26-chloroponasterone A were synthesized from the respective C-25 epimeric inokosterone. Two epimeric 26-bromo and 26-iodoponasterone A compounds were also synthesized. Moulting activity of these compounds was evaluated using the Musca bioassay, and it was found that the (25S)-26-halo analogues were more active than the corresponding (25R)-26-halo analogues. Among the 25S series, an increase in activity with an increase in size of the halogen atom was observed, indicating that the steric factor was more important than the electronic factor in binding of these ecdysteroid analogues to the receptor. On the other hand, a decrease in activity with an increase in size of the halogen atom was noted in the 25R series, suggesting that the steric factor was less important than the electronic factor. The results indicated that the configuration at C-25 and the substituent at C-26 have significant influences on the interaction of ecdysteroids with their receptor.
Subject(s)
Cholestenes/chemical synthesis , Ecdysteroids/analogs & derivatives , Ecdysterone/analogs & derivatives , Hydrocarbons, Halogenated/chemical synthesis , Molting/drug effects , Animals , Bromine/chemistry , Chlorine/chemistry , Cholestenes/chemistry , Ecdysteroids/chemical synthesis , Ecdysteroids/pharmacology , Ecdysterone/chemical synthesis , Ecdysterone/chemistry , Fluorine/chemistry , Houseflies/drug effects , Hydrocarbons, Halogenated/chemistry , Hydrocarbons, Halogenated/pharmacology , Larva/drug effects , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mass Spectrometry , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Structure , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
Two new ecdysteroids, 24-epi-pinnatasterone (1) and scabrasterone (2), together with 11 known ecdysteroids, calonysterone, pterosterone, 24-epi-makisterone A, 20-hydroxyecdysone (3), polypodine B, ajugasterone C, pinnatasterone (4), 11alpha-hydroxyecdysone, 24-epi-abutasterone, 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone, and turkesterone (5), were isolated from the stem bark of Vitex scabra. This plant species contained a very high concentration (1.8%) of 3 and thus provided a good source of this parent ecdysteroid and related rare ecdysteroids. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited very low moulting activity in the Musca bioassay. The low biological activity of these two ecdysteroids was in agreement with those of other 22-deoxyecdysteroids.
