ABSTRACT
The plant alkaloid homoharringtonine (HHT) is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. In addition to its well-established antitumor activity, accumulating evidence attributes anti-inflammatory effects to HHT, which have mainly been studied in leukocytes to date. However, a potential influence of HHT on inflammatory activation processes in endothelial cells, which are a key feature of inflammation and a prerequisite for the leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction and leukocyte extravasation, remains poorly understood. In this study, the anti-inflammatory potential of HHT and its derivative harringtonine (HT) on the TNF-induced leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction was assessed, and the underlying mechanistic basis of these effects was elucidated. HHT affected inflammation in vivo in a murine peritonitis model by reducing leukocyte infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine expression as well as ameliorating abdominal pain behavior. In vitro, HT and HHT impaired the leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction by decreasing the expression of the endothelial cell adhesion molecules intracellular adhesion molecule -1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). This effect was mediated by a bipartite mechanism. While HHT did not affect the prominent TNF-induced pro-inflammatory NF-ĸB signaling cascade, the compound downregulated the VCAM1 mRNA expression in an IRF-1-dependent manner and diminished active ICAM1 mRNA translation as determined by polysome profiling. This study highlights HHT as an anti-inflammatory compound that efficiently hampers the leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction by targeting endothelial activation processes.
Subject(s)
Down-Regulation , Homoharringtonine , Inflammation , Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 , RNA, Messenger , Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 , Animals , Down-Regulation/drug effects , Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism , Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics , Inflammation/drug therapy , Inflammation/pathology , Inflammation/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Humans , Interferon Regulatory Factor-1/metabolism , Interferon Regulatory Factor-1/genetics , Mice , Homoharringtonine/pharmacology , Male , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism , Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics , Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism , Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics , Leukocytes/drug effects , Leukocytes/metabolismABSTRACT
Despite the importance of rapid adaptive responses in the course of inflammation and the notion that post-transcriptional regulation plays an important role herein, relevant translational alterations, especially during the resolution phase, remain largely elusive. In the present study, we analyzed translational changes in inflammatory bone marrow-derived macrophages upon resolution-promoting efferocytosis. Total RNA-sequencing confirmed that apoptotic cell phagocytosis induced a pro-resolution signature in LPS/IFNγ-stimulated macrophages (MÏ). While inflammation-dependent transcriptional changes were relatively small between efferocytic and non-efferocytic MÏ; considerable differences were observed at the level of de novo synthesized proteins. Interestingly, translationally regulated targets in response to inflammatory stimuli were mostly downregulated, with only minimal impact of efferocytosis. Amongst these targets, pro-resolving matrix metallopeptidase 12 (Mmp12) was identified as a translationally repressed candidate during early inflammation that recovered during the resolution phase. Functionally, reduced MMP12 production enhanced matrix-dependent migration of MÏ. Conclusively, translational control of MMP12 emerged as an efficient strategy to alter the migratory properties of MÏ throughout the inflammatory response, enabling MÏ migration within the early inflammatory phase while restricting migration during the resolution phase.
Subject(s)
Matrix Metalloproteinase 12 , Phagocytosis , Humans , Matrix Metalloproteinase 12/genetics , Matrix Metalloproteinase 12/metabolism , Phagocytosis/physiology , Macrophages/metabolism , Inflammation/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation , Apoptosis/physiologyABSTRACT
Macrophages are a highly versatile and heterogenic group of immune cells, known for their involvement in inflammatory reactions. However, our knowledge about distinct subpopulations of macrophages and their specific contribution to the resolution of inflammation remains incomplete. We have previously shown, in an in vivo peritonitis model, that inhibition of the synthesis of the pro-inflammatory lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) attenuates efficient resolution of inflammation. PGE2 levels during later stages of the inflammatory process further correlate with expression of the hyaluronan (HA) receptor Lyve1 in peritoneal macrophages. In the present study, we therefore aimed to understand if PGE2 might contribute to the regulation of Lyve1 and how this might impact inflammatory responses. In line with our in vivo findings, PGE2 synergized with dexamethasone to enhance Lyve1 expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages, while expression of the predominant hyaluronan receptor CD44 remained unaltered. PGE2-mediated Lyve1 upregulation was strictly dependent on PGE2 receptor EP2 signaling. While PGE2/dexamethasone-treated macrophages, despite their enhanced Lyve1 expression, did not show inflammatory responses upon stimulation with low (LMW) or high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (HMW)-HA, they were sensitized towards LMW-HA-dependent augmentation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses. Thus, Lyve1-expressing macrophages emerged as a subpopulation of macrophages integrating inflammatory stimuli with extracellular matrix-derived signals.
