ABSTRACT
The objective of the study was to investigate the safety of a combination tablet of benazepril and pimobendan, Fortekor PLUS® , in a randomized, blinded, parallel-group design study in healthy adult beagle dogs. The test article, Fortekor PLUS® tablets, was administered orally twice daily for 6 months at one, two, and four times the highest recommended dosage of 0.5 mg/kg benazepril hydrochloride/0.25 mg/kg pimobendan (four males and four females per group). An additional control group was sham-dosed. Fortekor PLUS® did not induce any treatment-related effects on body weight, food consumption, neurological, ophthalmologic or physical assessments over the 6-month treatment period. The test article was possibly associated with an increased frequency of occasional vomiting. Fortekor PLUS® was associated with small, but significant, increases in heart rate and reductions in PR and QT intervals, which were assessed by electrocardiography. These effects were most probably related to reflex tachycardia secondary to reduced systemic blood pressure. Statistically significant changes in some clinical pathology variables were noted after test article administration, but were considered to be of no clinical relevance as values remained within reference ranges and/or were not dose-dependent. No treatment-related macroscopic or microscopic findings were observed. In conclusion, Fortekor PLUS® tablets were well tolerated in healthy adult dogs when administered at one, two, and four times the highest recommended dosage for 6 months.
Subject(s)
Benzazepines/administration & dosage , Pyridazines/administration & dosage , Administration, Oral , Animals , Benzazepines/adverse effects , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Dogs , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Combinations , Heart Rate/drug effects , Male , Pyridazines/adverse effectsSubject(s)
Liver/physiology , Phospholipids/chemistry , Animals , Drug Evaluation , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Humans , Liver/drug effects , Liver Diseases/drug therapy , Membrane Lipids/chemistry , Membrane Lipids/physiology , Phosphatidylcholines/therapeutic use , Phospholipids/pharmacology , Phospholipids/physiology , Phospholipids/therapeutic use , Phospholipids/toxicityABSTRACT
Hepatic cirrhosis is regarded as the terminal stage of the most diverse chronic liver diseases. It is characterized by nodular restructuring of the hepatic parenchyma which is accompanied by scar formation and transformation of the vascular system. The originally diseased liver becomes increasingly less prominent in pathophysiological terms, whereas the consecutive portocaval collateral circulation becomes increasingly effective. This leads to the serious complications of cirrhosis and finally also to death. The diverse influences of the disturbed individual functions of the liver on the body characterize the clinical picture with its multifarious symptoms and great variations in the alterations of clinical test values. An exact diagnosis (in the form of an early diagnosis) and clarification of the respective etiopathogenesis are of crucial significance for prognosis and therapy. Meticulous instruction and monitoring of the cirrhosis patient is absolutely necessary in practice. In this way, and also by means of a program of prophylactic measures, complications can be largely avoided. Today, treatment of the liver cirrhosis constitutes specific polypragmasy. However, it has produced an appreciable improvement in the quality of life and the life expectancy.
Subject(s)
Liver Cirrhosis/diagnosis , Liver Function Tests , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Liver/pathology , Liver Cirrhosis/etiology , PrognosisABSTRACT
Police records of arrests of women in Wichita, Kansas for driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol for a 5-year period (1980-1984) were studied. The proportion of arrests of women increased from 10.6 to 14.5% of total arrested. Women in their 20s comprised the largest age group; single women were greatly overrepresented. More than one-half of the arrested women were employed outside the home; a substantial proportion (30.8%) were unemployed at the time of arrest. The average blood alcohol level of those tested was 183 mg/dl. Characteristics of arrestees are discussed in terms of changes in the social roles and expectations of women. Although time of arrest was similar to that of men (i.e., night), arrests of women were more evenly spread across the days of the week. Within the 5-year period, the rate of recidivism for DUI was 7.43%. The implications of arrest and recidivism patterns are discussed. A change in legal and arrest procedures was found to have the same effect on arrests of women as it had on those of men, suggesting that the changes did not produce differential treatment by police.
