Specificity profiling of protein-binding domains using one-bead-one-compound Peptide libraries.

One-bead-one-compound (OBOC) libraries consist of structurally related compounds (e.g., peptides) covalently attached to a solid support, with each resin bead carrying a unique compound. OBOC libraries of high structural diversity can be rapidly synthesized and screened without the need for any special equipment, and therefore can be employed in any chemical or biochemical laboratory. OBOC peptide libraries have been widely used to map the ligand specificity of proteins, to determine the substrate specificity of enzymes, and to develop inhibitors against macromolecular targets. They have proven particularly useful in profiling the binding specificity of protein modular domains (e.g., SH2 domains, BIR domains, and PDZ domains); subsequently, the specificity information can be used to predict the protein targets of these domains. The protocols outlined in this article describe the methodologies for synthesizing and screening OBOC peptide libraries against SH2 and PDZ domains, and the related data analysis. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 4:331-355 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The SH2 domains of inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases SHIP1 and SHIP2 have similar ligand specificity but different binding kinetics.

SH2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatases 1 (SHIP1) and 2 (SHIP2) are structurally similar proteins that catalyze the degradation of lipid secondary messenger phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate to produce phosphatidylinositol 3,4-diphosphate. Despite their high sequence identity (51%), SHIP1 and SHIP2 share little overlap in their in vivo functions. In this work, the sequence specificity of the SHIP2 SH2 domain was systematically defined through the screening of a combinatorial pY peptide library. Comparison of its specificity profile with that of the SHIP1 SH2 domain showed that the two SH2 domains have similar specificities, both recognizing pY peptides of the consensus sequence pY[S/Y][L/Y/M][L/M/I/V], although there are also subtle differences such as the tolerance of an arginine at the pY + 1 position by the SHIP2 but not SHIP1 SH2 domain. Surface plasmon resonance analysis of their interaction with various pY peptides suggested that the two domains have similar binding affinities but dramatically different binding kinetics, with the SHIP1 SH2 domain having fast association and dissociation rates while the SHIP2 domain showing apparent slow-binding behavior. Site-directed mutagenesis and kinetic studies indicated that the SHIP2 SH2 domain exists as a mixture of two conformational isomers. The major, inactive isomer apparently contains two cis peptidyl-prolyl bonds at positions 88 and 105, whereas the minor, active isomer has both proline residues in their trans configuration. Cis-trans isomerization of the peptidyl-prolyl bonds may provide a potential mechanism for regulating the interaction between SHIP2 and pY proteins. These data suggest that a combination of tissue distribution, specificity, and kinetic differences is likely responsible for their in vivo functional differences.