The Association Between Urinary Tract Infection and Overactive Bladder Treatment.

Background: Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome is defined as urinary urgency, with or without urge incontinence in the absence of an underlying pathological or metabolic cause. Treatment for OAB involves anti-muscarinic agents and beta 3-adrenoceptor agonists. As a previous study showed that treatment may increase the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI), we conducted a nationwide, population-based, retrospective study to assess UTI risk associated with OAB medication adherence, and different types of OAB medication. Methods: The source of data was medical records from National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Patients who were diagnosed with OAB in outpatient records from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016 were included. Outpatient visits included an attendance at primary care or the emergency department. The index date was the first prescription medication for OAB treatment after diagnosis. The targeted population was those diagnosed with OAB, and targeted drugs were anti-muscarinic agent (including flavoxate, oxybutynin, propiverine, solifenacin, tolterodine, and trospium) and mirabegron. Adherence was assessed based on the proportion of days covered in 12 months among mirabegron and anti-muscarinic agents. A multivariate Cox proportional-hazards model was used to compare the risk of UTI with OAB medication adherence, and different types of OAB medication. Results: There were 39,975 outpatients diagnosed with OAB in the database from 2014 to 2016. Excluding those younger than 20 years old and for whom the information was incomplete in the database, 21,869 patients were included in the final OAB cohort. Overall, risk of UTI was not influenced by the targeted drugs or adherence during the follow-up period, regardless of UTI history or sex. Conclusion: OAB is a common problem in Taiwan. After 12 months of follow-up, there was no difference between anticholinergic medications and beta-3 agonists, nor between high and low adherence in the risk of UTI.

Risk of ischemic stroke in patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in the treatment of prostate cancer may be associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic disease. The aim of our study was to investigate the association of ADT in the treatment of prostate cancer with ischemic stroke risk. METHODS: We identified individuals older than 20 years of age who were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2012. Patients who experienced ischemic stroke or transient ischemic stroke before the index date were excluded. Patients who received at least one prescription for ADT within 6 months were defined as the ADT user group. Patients who did not receive at least one prescription for ADT within 6 months were defined as the ADT nonuser group. The patients were followed until the first occurrence of one of the primary outcome measures (ischemic stroke or death) or until December 31, 2013. The primary composite outcome was the time to any cause of death or ischemic stroke. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the primary composite outcomes in the prostate cancer patients between the ADT user and nonuser groups. Prostate cancer patients who received ADT had a higher mortality rate than those who were not treated with ADT, and the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.907 (95% confidence interval: 1.278-2.844; P = 0.0016) after adjusting for age, comorbidities and comedication use. CONCLUSION: ADT in the treatment of prostate cancer may not be associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke. The differences in thromboembolic effects in cardiovascular disease and ischemic stroke secondary to ADT should be further discussed and evaluated prospectively.

The evaluation of ß-adrenoceptor blocking agents in patients with COPD and congestive heart failure: a nationwide study.

OBJECTIVE: ß-Blockers are safe and improve survival in patients with both congestive heart failure (CHF) and COPD. However, the superiority of different types of ß-blockers is still unclear among patients with CHF and COPD. The association between ß-blockers and CHF exacerbation as well as COPD exacerbation remains unclear. The objective of this study was to compare the outcome of different ß-blockers in patients with concurrent CHF and COPD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan to conduct a retrospective cohort study. The inclusion criteria for CHF were patients who were >20 years old and were diagnosed with CHF between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2012. COPD patients included those who had outpatient visit claims ≥2 times within 365 days or 1 claim for hospitalization with a COPD diagnosis. A time-dependent Cox proportional hazards regression model was applied to evaluate the effectiveness of ß-blockers in the study population. RESULTS: We identified 1,872 patients with concurrent CHF and COPD. Only high-dose bisoprolol significantly reduced the risk of death and slightly decreased the hospitalization rate due to CHF exacerbation (death: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] =0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] =0.29-0.89; hospitalization rate due to CHF exacerbation: aHR =0.48, 95% CI =0.23-1.00). No association was observed between ß-blocker use and COPD exacerbation. CONCLUSION: In patients with concurrent CHF and COPD, ß-blockers reduced mortality, CHF exacerbation, and the need for hospitalization. Bisoprolol was found to reduce mortality and CHF exacerbation compared to carvedilol and metoprolol.

Epidemiology and risk factors of coronary artery aneurysm in Taiwan: a population based case control study.

OBJECTIVES: Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is usually an asymptomatic and rare disease. There are limited epidemiological data for CAA in Asian populations and in the rest of the world. DESIGN: A retrospective case control study. SETTING: A population based, database study from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, between 2005 and 2011. PARTICIPANTS: CAA patients identified using International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification (ICD-9-CM) code 414.11 with CAA examinations. OUTCOME MEASURES: The incidence rate and mortality rate of CAA were calculated. We also matched patients with non-CAA patients according to age, gender and index year at a 1:10 ratio to explore the risk factors for CAA using conditional logistic regression. RESULT: A total of 1397 CAA patients were identified between 2005 and 2011; 41.9% were paediatric patients and 58.1% were adults. The incidence rate and mortality rate of CAA in Taiwan were 0.87 and 0.05 per 105 person-years, respectively. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for coronary atherosclerosis, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes were 7.97, 2.09, 2.48 and 1.51, respectively. Of note, aortic dissection (aOR 6.76), aortic aneurysm (aOR 5.82) and systemic lupus erythematosus (aOR 4.09) were found to be significantly associated with CAA. CONCLUSION: In Taiwan, CAA patients were distributed across both paediatric and adult populations. Apart from cardiovascular risk factors, aortic diseases and systemic lupus erythematosus need to be investigated further in CAA patients.

Developing an App by Exploiting Web-Based Mobile Technology to Inspect Controlled Substances in Patient Care Units.

We selected iOS in this study as the App operation system, Objective-C as the programming language, and Oracle as the database to develop an App to inspect controlled substances in patient care units. Using a web-enabled smartphone, pharmacist inspection can be performed on site and the inspection result can be directly recorded into HIS through the Internet, so human error of data translation can be minimized and the work efficiency and data processing can be improved. This system not only is fast and convenient compared to the conventional paperwork, but also provides data security and accuracy. In addition, there are several features to increase inspecting quality: (1) accuracy of drug appearance, (2) foolproof mechanism to avoid input errors or miss, (3) automatic data conversion without human judgments, (4) online alarm of expiry date, and (5) instant inspection result to show not meted items. This study has successfully turned paper-based medication inspection into inspection using a web-based mobile device.

Evaluating the Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke of Oral Antithrombotic Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer Patients with Radiation Therapy.

Although previous studies demonstrated the risk of ischemic stroke (IS) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), the impact of oral antithrombotic therapy (OAT) on this risk has not yet been assessed. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of OAT in patients with HNC treated with RT. This retrospective cohort study was performed using the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. A total of 37,638 patients diagnosed with HNC included in the study were classified as users and nonusers of OAT. Primary outcome was IS or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and secondary outcomes were death and major bleeding. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). There was no significant difference in the risk of IS or TIA between patients on continuous OAT and nonusers (adjusted HR, 0.812; 95% CI, 0.199-3.309). The risk of major bleeding was not significantly different between the groups. From a national population database, we did not find an association between OAT and decreasing risk of ischemic stroke/TIA or increasing hazard of major bleeding.

A Retrospective Observational Study to Assess Prescription Pattern in Patients with Type B Aortic Dissection and Treatment Outcome.

Aortic dissection is a life-threatening condition. However, the use of medication to treat it remains unclear in our population, particularly in patients with a type B aortic dissection (TBAD) who do not receive surgery. This retrospective cohort study evaluated antihypertensive prescription patterns and outcomes in patients with nonsurgical TBAD. We reviewed the hospital records of patients with TBAD at a medical center in Taiwan from January 2008 to June 2013 to assess the baseline information, prescribing pattern, event rate, and clinical effectiveness of different antihypertensive treatment strategies. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate outcomes in different antihypertensive strategies. The primary endpoints were all-cause mortality and hospital admission for an aortic dissection. We included 106 patients with a mean follow-up period of 2.75 years. The most common comorbidity was hypertension followed by dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus. Study endpoints mostly occurred within 6 months after the index date. Over 80% of patients received dual or triple antihypertensive strategies. Patients treated with different treatment strategies did not have a significantly increased risk of a primary outcome compared with those treated with a monotherapy. We found no significant difference in the primary outcome following the use of different antihypertensive medication regimes.

Increasing risks of ischemic stroke in oral cancer patients treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy: a nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have identified correlations between cancer and increased risks of ischemic stroke (IS), particularly following radiotherapy (RT) or chemotherapy (CT). However, data regarding relative risks of IS in oral cancer are limited. The aim of this study was to compare hazard ratios (HR) of IS among oral cancer patients treated with and without RT, CT, or both (CCRT). METHODS: We analyzed data collected by the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) from 1996 to 2009, which covered approximately 99.5% of the medical claims submitted nationally. A total of 21,853 patients diagnosed with oral cancer from 2000 to 2008 were included. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the HRs of IS among different treatment modalities and a matched cohort. RESULTS: The overall risk of IS was 1.24-fold greater in patients treated with RT/CT/CCRT than those treated with surgery alone and 1.08-fold greater for surgery with adjuvant therapy (radiotherapy or chemotherapy after surgery) after adjusting for confounding factors. The incidence of IS was 0.23-fold lower in matched control group than in the oral cancer cohort. In subgroup analysis, patients who received RT/CT/CCRT and aged <40 years old were at a 2.77-fold greater risk for IS than age-matched patients who underwent surgery alone, although this difference decreased with patient age. CONCLUSIONS: Oral cancer patients, particularly those aged <40 years, who underwent RT or CT are at increased risks for IS. Other significant risk factors for IS included Charlson comorbidity index (CCI)>1, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and atrial fibrillation.

WebBio, a web-based management and analysis system for patient data of biological products in hospital.

We selected HTML, PHP and JavaScript as the programming languages to build "WebBio", a web-based system for patient data of biological products and used MySQL as database. WebBio is based on the PHP-MySQL suite and is run by Apache server on Linux machine. WebBio provides the functions of data management, searching function and data analysis for 20 kinds of biological products (plasma expanders, human immunoglobulin and hematological products). There are two particular features in WebBio: (1) pharmacists can rapidly find out whose patients used contaminated products for medication safety, and (2) the statistics charts for a specific product can be automatically generated to reduce pharmacist's work loading. WebBio has successfully turned traditional paper work into web-based data management.

Quantification of meropenem in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and application in bacterial meningitis patients.

A high-performance micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) has been demonstrated for the determination of meropenem in human plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and application in meningitis patients after intravenous (IV) administration. Plasma sample was pretreated by means of solid-phase extraction (SPE) on C(18) cartridge and CSF sample was by direct injection without sample pretreatment, with subsequent quantitation by MEKC. The separation of meropenem was carried out in an untreated fused-silica capillary (40.2 cm x 50 microm I.D., effective length 30 cm) and was performed at 25 degrees C using a background electrolyte consisting of Tris buffer (40 mM, pH 8.0) solution with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the running buffer and on-column detection at 300 nm. Several parameters affecting the separation and sensitivity of the drug were studied, including pH, the concentrations of Tris buffer and surfactant. Using cefotaxime as an internal standard (IS), the linear ranges of the method for the determination of meropenem in plasma and in CSF were all over 0.5-50 microg/mL; the detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio=3) of meropenem in plasma and in CSF were 0.2 microg/mL and 0.3 microg/mL, respectively.