Time-Varying Proteinuria and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Graft Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Introduction: Proteinuria is recognized as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in kidney transplant recipients, but previous studies have not considered the impact of changes in urine protein over time. Research Question and Design: We used time-dependent, multivariable Cox proportional hazards models in this observational cohort study of adult kidney transplant recipients to evaluate whether proteinuria measured by dipstick on random spot urine samples starting from 1-month post-transplant was associated with the risk of major adverse cardiac events and graft loss. Results: A total of 144 major adverse cardiac events, defined as acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, revascularization, or all-cause mortality, were observed in 1106 patients over 5728.7 person-years. Any level of proteinuria greater or equal to trace resulted in a two-fold increase in the risk of major adverse cardiac events (hazard ratio 2.00 [95% confidence interval 1.41, 2.84]). This relationship was not found to be dose-dependent (hazard ratios of 2.98, 1.76, 1.63, and 1.54 for trace, 1+, 2+, and 3+ urine protein, respectively). There was an increased risk of graft failure with greater urine protein concentration (hazard ratios 2.22, 2.85, 6.41, and 19.71 for trace, 1+, 2+, and 3+, respectively). Conclusion: Urine protein is associated with major adverse cardiac events and graft loss in kidney transplant recipients. The role of interventions to reduce proteinuria on decreasing the risk of adverse cardiovascular and graft outcomes in kidney transplant recipients requires further study.

Intersectionality of Gender and Visible Minority Status Among General Surgery Residents in Canada.

Importance: Within medical specialties, surgical disciplines disproportionately and routinely demonstrate the greatest underrepresentation of women and individuals from racial/ethnic minority groups. Understanding the role that diversity plays in surgical resident training may identify strategies that foster resident resiliency, optimize surgical training, and improve patient outcomes. Objective: To examine the implication of gender and visible minority (VM [ie, nonaboriginal people who are not White individuals]) status for resiliency and training experiences of general surgery residents in Canada. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this survey study, a 129-item questionnaire was emailed from May 2018 to July 2018 to all residents enrolled in all Canadian general surgery training programs during the 2017-2018 training year. Survey responses were extracted and categorized into 5 major themes. The survey was designed by the Resident Committee and reviewed by the Governing Board of the Canadian Association of General Surgeons. French and English versions of the survey were created, distributed, and administered using Google Forms. Main Outcomes and Measures: Survey questions were formulated to characterize resident diversity and training experience. Self-perceptions of diversity, mentorship, and training experience were evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale (1 for strongly disagree, 2 for disagree, 3 for neither agree or disagree, 4 for agree, and 5 for strongly agree) and open-ended responses. The frequency of perceived unprofessional workplace encounters was evaluated using a 5-point scale (1 for daily, 2 for weekly, 3 for monthly, 4 for annually, and 5 for never). Results: Of the 510 general surgery residents invited, a total of 210 residents (40.5%) completed the survey. Most respondents were younger than 30 years (119 [56.7%]), were women (112 [53.3%]), reported English as their first language (133 [63.3%]), did not identify as a VM (147 [70.0%]), had no dependents (184 [87.6%]), and were Canadian medical graduates (178 [84.8%]). Women residents who identified as VM compared with male residents who did not identify as a VM were less likely to agree or strongly agree that they had a collegial relationship with staff, (21 [63.6%] vs 61 [89.7%]; P = .01), to feel like they fit in with their training programs (21 [63.6%] vs 56 [82.3%]; P = .003), and to feel valued at work (15 [45.4%] vs 47 [69.1%]; P = .03). Both female residents and female residents who identified as VM described significant concerns about receiving fewer training opportunities because of their gender vs their male peers (54 [48.2%] vs 3 [3.0%]; P < .001). Ninety-one of 112 female residents (81.2%) reported feeling that their medical expertise was dismissed because of their gender at least once annually, with 37 women (33.0%) experiencing dismissal of their expertise at least once every week (P < .001). In contrast, 98% of male residents reported never experiencing dismissal of their medical expertise because of their gender. Similarly, residents with VM status vs those without VM status reported at least monthly dismissal of their expertise because of their race/ethnicity (9 of 63 [14.3%] vs 1 of 147 [0.7%]; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, female sex and VM status appeared to be associated with adverse implications for the training experience of general surgery residents. These findings suggest that new strategies focused on the intersectionality of gender and race/ethnicity are needed to improve the training experience of at-risk residents.

Prophylactic Negative Pressure Wound Therapy for Closed Laparotomy Incisions: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) applied to primarily closed incisions decreases surgical site infections (SSIs) following open abdominal surgery. BACKGROUND: SSIs are a common cause of morbidity following open abdominal surgery. Prophylactic NPWT has shown promise for SSI reduction. However, the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted among patients undergoing laparotomy have been inconsistent. METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis of English language RCTs comparing the use of prophylactic NPWT to standard dressings on primarily closed laparotomy incisions following open abdominal surgery. Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL databases were searched from inception to December 31, 2018, for relevant studies. A random-effects model was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Five RCTs totaling 792 patients were included in our meta-analysis after application of our exclusion and inclusion criteria. There was no significant difference in the risk of SSIs identified among those patients who had NPWT compared to standard dressings; relative risk (RR) 0.56 (95% confidence interval 0.30-1.03, P = 0.064). There was significant statistical heterogeneity across studies (I = 67.4%; P = 0.015). CONCLUSION: The adoption of NPWT for routine SSI prophylaxis following laparotomy is currently not supported and should be used primarily in the context of a clinical trial.

Chest Tube Insertion Among Surgical and Nonsurgical Trainees: How Skilled Are Our Residents?

BACKGROUND: Competency-based medical education has renewed focus on the attainment and evaluation of resident skill. Proper evaluation is crucial to inform educational interventions and identify residents in need of increased training and supervision. Currently, there is a paucity of studies rigorously evaluating resident chest tube insertion skill. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Residents of all training levels before their intensive care unit rotation or currently rotating through the intensive care unit were invited to participate. Trainees inserted a thoracostomy tube on a high-fidelity simulator. Their performances were recorded and scored by blinded raters using the validated TUBE-iCOMPT rubric. Surgical and nonsurgical residents were compared. RESULTS: Forty-nine residents participated; 30 from nonsurgical and 19 from surgical training programs. Overall, trainees were most deficient in the "preprocedural checks" and "patient positioning and local anesthetic" domains. Surgical trainees demonstrated higher chest tube insertion skill than their nonsurgical peers (median total score 88 [interquartile range, 74-90] versus 75 [interquartile range, 66-85], respectively, P = 0.01), particularly in the "patient positioning" and "blunt dissection" domains (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). These differences were no longer significant when controlled for experience and Advanced Trauma Life Support certification. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, surgical residents were more skilled than nonsurgical residents in tube thoracostomy placement. Relative skill deficits within the domains of chest tube insertion have also been identified among residents of different specialties. These areas can be targeted with educational interventions to improve resident performance, and ultimately, patient safety.