Effects of metal primers on bonding of adhesive resin cement to noble alloys for porcelain fusing.

This study evaluated the effects of metal primers on the bonding of adhesive resin to four pure metals (Au, Pd, Ag, Cu) and two noble alloys for porcelain fusing (high-gold and high-palladium content alloys). Bonding surface was polished with 600-grit silicon carbide paper and primed with one of the three metal primers (V-Primer, Metaltite, and M.L. Primer). Bonded specimens were fabricated by applying adhesive resin (Super-Bond C&B) on the primed surface. Shear bond strength (SBS) was determined both before and after thermocycling (4-60 degrees C for 2,000 cycles). The highest SBS values to each pure metal after thermocycling were 33.5 MPa for Au by M.L. Primer, 35.0 MPa for Ag by V-Primer, and 34.4 MPa for Cu by Metaltite. SBS to high-gold content alloy after thermocycling was 33.3 MPa by M.L. Primer. None of the primers was effective for pure Pd and high-palladium content alloy after thermocycling.

In vitro evaluation of the effect of thermal and mechanical fatigues on the bonding of an autopolymerizing soft denture liner to denture base materials using different primers.

PURPOSE: This in vitro study evaluated the effect of priming procedures on bonding of an autopolymerizing silicone denture liner (Sofreliner) to a denture base material after fatigue processes using cyclic thermal stressing and repetitive mechanical stressing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Denture base specimens were fabricated by use of an autopolymerizing denture base resin and Co-Cr alloy into a cylinder shape 8-mm diameter and 4-mm high. The bonding surfaces of denture base specimens were polished with 600-grit silicon carbide paper. Resin denture base specimens were pretreated with applications of resin primer (Sofreliner Primer or Reline Primer for resin). Metal specimens were pretreated with application of metal primer (Reline Primer for metal) or coated with adhesive resin (C&B Metabond) followed by application of resin primer (Sofreliner Primer). Tensile specimens were fabricated by polymerizing a 2-mm thickness of Sofreliner between a pair of pretreated denture base cylinders. Repetitive mechanical stressing was performed by using a University of Alabama-type wear-testing apparatus as a stress generator. Vertical 75 N load with 15 degrees rotation was applied 66,700, 133,300, 266,700, and 400,000 times, then residual tensile resistance to failure was measured. Seven specimens were fabricated for 16 groups--four cyclic loading groups for four pretreatment groups. Residual tensile resistance to failure of specimens before the fatiguing process and after 5000, 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 thermocycles were used as reference. The mean values of each group were statistically analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Bonferroni/Dunn test at a 95% confidence level. Failure modes were assessed for all specimens measured. RESULTS: In the denture-bonded groups, residual tensile resistance to failure of Sofreliner Primer-treated group was significantly higher than that of the Reline Primer at each thermocycling interval (p < 0.0001) and up to 133,300 times of cyclic loading (p < 0.0001). In the metal-bonded groups, residual tensile resistance to failure of the intermediate adhesive resin group was higher than the metal primer-applied group up to 5000 thermocycles (p < 0.0001); however, there was no significant difference between them after 66,667 cyclic loads (p= 0.1698). Although adhesive resin-coated specimens of metal-bonded groups showed mixed failure, metal primer-applied groups and both denture-bonded groups consistently revealed cohesive failure of the soft denture liner after cyclic loading. CONCLUSIONS: Application of Sofreliner Primer for a resin denture base provided better bonding after thermocycle and cyclic load testing than did Reline Primer. Using an intermediate adhesive resin layer on a Co-Cr denture base material improved the bonding for up to 5000 thermocycles; however, it did not affect cyclic loading parameters.

Effects of thermal cycling on surface texture of restorative composite materials.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermal cycling on the surface texture of restorative materials. Disk-shaped specimens made of seven resin composites (Beautifil: BF; Esthet-X: EX; Filtek Supreme: FS; Inten-S: IS; Point 4: PT; Solare: SR; and Venus: VS) were finished with 1-microm alumina suspension, and then thermocycled between 4 and 60 degrees C in distilled water for 20,000 or 50,000 cycles with a dwell time of 60 seconds. Staining susceptibility and mean surface roughness, Ra, were examined, and surface texture was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Dye penetration test showed that the surfaces of all resin composites were more stained after thermal cycling. Mean Ra of all resin composites, except PT, significantly increased after 50,000 thermal cycles. Dislodgement of filler particles was observed for all resin composites after thermal cycling, except FS. It was concluded that thermal cycling significantly affected the surface texture of the seven examined resin composites.

Effect of filler loading on resin cement bonding to silanized buildup composites.

PURPOSE: To determine the effects of silanation for core buildup composites on bond strength of resin cement. METHODS: Three core buildup composites including FluoroCore LV, Core Restore, and Clearfil Photo Core, of which filler loadings were 65 wt%, 74 wt%, and 83 wt% respectively, were used. All composite specimens were randomly divided into four surface treatment groups of eight each as following; 1) 600-grit ground only, 2) 600-grit ground plus silanation, 3) 600-grit ground plus air-particle abrasion, 4) air-particle abrasion plus silanation. Following these treatments, 4-META/MMA-TBB resin (C&B Metabond) was bonded to the specimen surfaces. Completed specimens were stored in 37 degree C water for 24 hours, and then thermocycled 20,000 times (4 degree C - 60 degree C) before shear bond strengths were tested. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Scheffé's test for statistical significance (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Clearfil Photo Core, of which filler loading was the highest among the resin composites tested, treated with air-particle abrasion plus silanation obtained the highest bond strength. However, silanation alone was not effective for improving the bond strength.

Effect of resin coating as a means of preventing marginal leakage beneath full cast crowns.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of resin coating as a means of preventing marginal leakage beneath full cast crowns which were emplaced using different cements. Standard full cast crown preparation was made on 64 extracted premolars. These samples were then divided into four groups, with half of each group coated with dentin coating material after preparation. Crowns were cemented onto the teeth using zinc cement, Fuji I, Vitremer, or C&B Metabond. The samples were thermal-cycled for 10,000 cycles. They were then immersed in erythrosine solution, sectioned, and observed under a microscope. Microleakage analyses were performed using a 0-4 point system. The data were statistically analyzed. There were significant differences between the coated specimens and the uncoated specimens using Fuji I and Vitremer. The results showed that a resin coating could decrease the amount of marginal leakage when applied with these two cements.

Flexural strengths of denture base resin repaired with autopolymerizing resin and reinforcements after thermocycle stressing.

PURPOSE: Fracture of an acrylic denture base is a common problem in prosthodontic practice. Although various reinforcement methods have been used, when a fractured denture base is repaired with autopolymerizing resin recurrent fractures frequently occur at the repairing interface or adjacent areas. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the maximum flexural load of denture base resin repaired with autopolymerizing resin and several reinforcement systems after thermocycle stressing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rectangular (10 x 70 x 3 mm) flexural specimens were fabricated by repairing a pair of heat-cured denture base resin specimens using autopolymerizing resin and a series of reinforcement materials. The materials included 4 metal wires and a woven glass fiber. Each reinforcement was embedded in the center of the specimens. Flexural specimens repaired without reinforcement were prepared as controls. Specimens were subjected to 50,000 thermocycles (4 approximately 60 degrees C, 1-minute dwell time). A 3-point flexural test was carried out by loading the center of the repaired site at 5 mm/minute crosshead speed with 50 mm span jig supports. The load necessary to cause fracture was recorded for each specimen. All data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and the Bonferroni/Dunn test (alpha < 0.05). RESULTS: The average load to fracture of specimens repaired with nonreinforced autopolymerizing resin was 68.4 N after 50,000 thermocycles. Specimens reinforced with 1.2 mm diameter stainless steel wire exhibited the highest value (89.8 N). The value for specimens reinforced with 1.2 mm diameter Co-Cr-Ni wire was 86.6 N. These fracture loads were significantly higher than those for specimens without reinforcement (p < 0.05). Low elasticity reinforcement, such as pure titanium wires, woven metal wire, and woven glass fiber were not effective in increasing the load to fracture values of flexural specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Specimens reinforced with 1.2 mm diameter stainless steel wires or Co-Cr-Ni wires resulted in significantly higher loads to fracture as compared to specimens without reinforcement. The use of pure titanium wire, woven metal wire, and woven glass fiber did not improve the fracture loads.

The effects of air-abrasion on dentin, enamel, and metal bonding.

PURPOSE: To determine the most effective emission pressure for producing effective bond strengths of an adhesive resin to enamel, dentin and metal. METHODS: Test specimens were prepared from bovine teeth for enamel and dentin samples and from alloy disks cast in an Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy. All specimen substrates were ground flat and finished with 600-grit SiC paper. The prepared specimens were randomly divided into groups of eight including a control (no abrasion) or air-abraded with 50 microm Al2O3 delivered at three emission pressures of 60, 45 and 30 psi, respectively. Following conditioning, 4-META/MMA-TBB resin was bonded to the specimen surfaces. Specimens were stored in 37 degrees C water for 24 hours, then thermocycled 20,000 times (4 degrees C-60 degrees C), and shear bond tested. Data were analyzed by ANOVA for statistical significance. RESULTS: Enamel specimens showed no statistically significant difference from the control (no air abrasion). Dentin specimens displayed a significant difference from control at 60 and 45 psi, but no significant difference from the control at 30 psi. Alloy specimens showed significantly higher bond strengths from the control at all emission pressures (P< 0.05).

Effect of surface treatment on the bonding of an autopolymerizing soft denture liner to a denture base resin.

PURPOSE: This in vitro study evaluated the effects of surface treatments and thermocycling on the bonding of autopolymerizing silicone soft denture liner (Sofreliner) to denture base resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The bonding surfaces of denture base cylinders were polished with 600-grit silicon carbide paper and pretreated with applications of Sofreliner Primer, Sofreliner Primer after air abrasion, Reline Primer, or Reline Primer after air abrasion. Failure loads and elongation at failure were measured after subjecting specimens to 0, 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 thermocycles. Failure modes were assessed for all specimens. Seven specimens were fabricated for each of 16 groups, including four pretreatments and four thermocycle groups. RESULTS: Failure loads of the Sofreliner Primer group were significantly higher than those of the air-abrasion group up to 20,000 thermocycles; both groups showed cohesive failures of the soft denture liner. Failure loads of the Reline Primer group were significantly higher than with Reline Primer after air abrasion up to 10,000 thermocycles. Failure mode after 10,000 thermocycles was cohesive for the Reline Primer group and mixed cohesive/adhesive for Reline Primer after air abrasion. Failure loads of the Sofreliner Primer group were significantly higher than those of the Reline Primer group at each thermocycling interval. Elongation values decreased after 10,000 thermocycles for all groups. CONCLUSION: Air abrasion on the denture base resin surface was not effective in enhancing failure load. Cyclic thermal stress is one factor degrading the bond between soft denture liner and acrylic resin denture base.

In vitro evaluation of the influence of repairing condition of denture base resin on the bonding of autopolymerizing resins.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Bonding failures of repair resin to denture base resin occurs when denture base resin is wet, however, little is known of how water relates to failures. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the influence of water absorbed in denture base resin on the bond strength and resistance to cyclic thermal stresses of autopolymerizing resins bonded to denture base resin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Denture base resin disks (n = 180; 12 mm diameter and 3 mm thick) were fabricated from heat-polymerized acrylic resin (Lucitone 199). The disks were divided into groups (n = 60) with 3 conditions of water content: (1) complete water saturation (control), (2) superficial desiccation by blowing air on the specimen, or (3) complete desiccation. Each denture base specimen received 1 of 3 surface treatments (n = 20) including: (1) no treatment, (2) airborne-particle abrasion, or (3) methylene chloride application. An autopolymerizing repair resin (Repair Material, n = 10) or reline resin (Tokuso Rebase Normal set, n = 10) was applied to the bonding area (5 mm diameter) and polymerized at 37 degrees C for 10 minutes. The resistance to cyclic thermal stress was determined after subjecting the specimens to 50,000 thermal cycles between 4 degrees C and 60 degrees C water baths with a 1-minute dwell time (n = 5 per group). Bond strength (MPa) was measured by shear bond testing at a 1.0 mm/min crosshead speed until the applied resin debonded from denture base resin. Data were statistically analyzed by 3-way analysis of variance and multiple comparisons among the groups were performed with Bonferroni test (alpha = .05). RESULTS: The mean bond strengths of repair resin to airborne-particle-abraded denture base specimens were not significantly influenced by either thermal cycling or water content. The mean bond strengths of reline resin significantly decreased after thermal cycling (P < .0001) regardless of the conditions of surface treatment and water content. For methylene chloride treated specimens, bond strengths of both repair and reline resins to completely water saturated specimens were significantly higher than those of completely desiccated specimens (P = .0048 for repair resin, P < .0001 for reline resin) after thermal cycling. CONCLUSIONS: Bond strengths of autopolymerizing resin to denture base resin were not significantly influenced by water content of denture base resin but were significantly influenced by resin type, thermal cycling, and surface treatment.