[Anthropophysiologic basis of the formation of arterial hypertension in primates]. / Antropofiziologicheskaia osnova formirovaniia arterial'noi gipertonii u primatov.

Comparative physiological analysis suggested evolutional direction of typical organization of the blood orthostatic regulation and its dependence upon the posture status in pronograde animals (rats, rabbits, cats, dogs) as well as in primates (humans, monkeys). Data on the evidence of functional adaptation of cardiovascular system under the conditions of experimental bipedal posture in monkeys are presented and the meaning of blood regulation according to the gravity factor in the development of arterial hypertension is discussed.

[Biological patterns of the development of lower monkeys during postnatal ontogenesis]. / Biologicheskie zakonomernosti rosta v postnatal'nom ontogeneze u nizshikh obez'ian.

In 840 male rhesus-monkeys relationships between age, height, weight and growth rate were examined. In terms of growth rate the following five age periods were identified in the predefinitive stage of postnatal ontogenesis: childhood--from birth to 9 months of age, adolescence--from 9 months to 3 years, accelerated growth or pubescence--from 3 to 4.5 years, growth completion--from 4.5 to 7-8 years, and physiological maturity (definitive stage)--over 8 years of age. The above age periods derived from growth curves are consistent with the development of the dental system, reproductive organs and other biological signs of postnatal ontogenesis. The relationships between calendar age, height and weight with respect to each age period are described by linear regression equations. The basic patterns of physical development, periods of postnatal ontogenesis and somatometric characterization described above help to objectively monitor the physical fitness of rhesus-monkeys, to adequately select animals identical in terms of their biological age, and to reliably plan long-term studies on this primate species.

[Morphological manifestations of primate adaptation to orthograde statics and upright posture]. / Morfologicheskie proiavleniia adaptatsii obez'ian k ortogradnoi statlike i priamokhozhdeniiu.

Using lower primates (rhesus-monkeys) who were experimentally transformed to bipeds, we examined morphological signs of their musculo-skeletal adaptation to the upright walking pattern. It was found that the bipeds developed typical characteristics of the upright posture: complete erectness of the torso and legs and noticeable enhancement of lumbar lordosis. The maximum deviation of the lumbar arch in the bipeds (10.0 +/- 0.8 mm) was significantly greater than in the controls (1.5 +/- 0.5 mm). This was accompanied by distinct hypertrophy of leg muscles, primarily extensors, and increased mineral density of the tibia (by 38%), fibula (by 14%) and metatarsus (by 23%). This was also followed by slight hypotrophy of biceps and triceps muscles and the large muscle of the thorax. Forearm muscles and bone mineral content were unchanged. The data obtained give evidence that the genetic program of orthograde statics and erect posture which is typical of the entire primate order can find phenotypical realization in lower primates.