ABSTRACT
Methodology to enhance intestinal absorption of macromolecular drugs is an important challenge for developing next-generation biomedicines. So far, various cationic cell-penetrating peptides have been reported to facilitate uptake of certain bioactive proteins. However, cyclic peptides might be better candidates, as they are more metabolically stable than linear peptides. Accordingly, we hypothesized that suitable cyclic peptides would promote the absorption of macromolecules across intestinal epithelium. To test this idea, we adopted Caco-2 cell permeability assay as an in vitro human intestinal absorption model, and M13 phage as a model of macromolecules. Successive screenings of a phage library displaying cyclic heptapeptides via a short GGGS linker yielded 3 hits. Among them, phage displaying cyclic heptapeptide DNPGNET (DNP-phage) showed the greatest permeability across a Caco-2 cell monolayer and mouse intestinal epithelium. Interestingly, DNPGNET (DNP) does not contain any basic amino acids. Its isoelectric point (pI) was estimated to be 2.72. It did not reduce the viability or tight-junction integrity of Caco-2 cells at concentrations up to 100µM for 24h. Uptake of either DNP-phage or a fluorescence-labeled DNP derivative (AC-DNPGNET-CGGGS modified with 5/6-FAM at the C-terminal; the cysteines serve to generate the cyclic peptide via disulfide bond formation, and GGGS is the phage linker) by Caco-2 cells was inhibited by low temperature, unlabeled AC-DNPGNET-CGGGS and EIPA, a macropinocytosis inhibitor. Thus, DNP appears to facilitate transcellular permeability of phages via macropinocytosis, but not paracellular diffusion. These findings indicate that DNP is a promising candidate as a carrier to promote intestinal absorption of macromolecular drugs.
