Subject(s)
Afferent Loop Syndrome , Cholangitis , Endosonography , Self Expandable Metallic Stents , Ultrasonography, Interventional , Humans , Afferent Loop Syndrome/etiology , Afferent Loop Syndrome/surgery , Afferent Loop Syndrome/therapy , Cholangitis/etiology , Cholangitis/surgery , Endosonography/methods , Male , Aged , Female , Middle AgedSubject(s)
Biliary Tract , Cholestasis , Humans , Stents , Duodenum , Cholestasis/diagnostic imaging , Cholestasis/etiology , Cholestasis/surgeryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate the Alcohol Relapse Risk Scale (ARRS) for Japanese alcohol-dependent individuals and to compare the features of relapse risk for alcohol-dependent individuals with those for stimulant abusers. METHODS: The ARRS is a multidimensional self-rating scale consisting of 32 items based on the Stimulant Relapse Risk Scale (SRRS). Two hundred eighteen inpatients and outpatients with a history of alcohol dependence (181 males and 36 females) were recruited, provided informed consent, and were administered the ARRS. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for alcohol craving, current state of drinking, and data on relapse within 1 month after the rating were used for validation. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis highlighted five factors: stimulus-induced vulnerability (SV), emotionality problems (EP), compulsivity for alcohol (CA), lack of negative expectancy for alcohol (NE), and positive expectancy for alcohol (PE). Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each of the subscales ranged from .55 to .90 and was .90 for the total ARRS, indicating their adequate internal consistency. SV, EP, CA, PE, and total ARRS were significantly correlated with the VAS and current drinking state, supporting their concurrent validity. SV and total ARRS were significantly correlated with relapse, suggesting that the ARRS is useful for predicting relapse risk in alcohol-dependent individuals, similar to the SRRS for stimulant abusers. Compared with stimulant abusers, alcohol-dependent individuals tended to express their desires related to relapse more honestly on the scales. CONCLUSIONS: The ARRS has multidimensional psychometric properties that are useful for assessing the various aspects of alcohol relapse risk.
