ABSTRACT
Dietary polyphenols are thought to be beneficial for human health as antioxidants. Coffee beans contain a common polyphenol, chlorogenic acid. Chlorogenic acid is the ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid. Although these polyphenols have received much attention, there is little evidence indicating a relationship between the effect and the rate of absorption. In this study, we focused on the beneficial effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid, a major metabolite of chlorogenic acid. We carried out in vitro and in vivo experiments. In the in vitro study, caffeic acid had stronger antioxidant activity than that of chlorogenic acid. The uptake of chlorogenic acid by Caco-2 cells was much less than that of caffeic acid. The physiological importance of an orally administered compound depends on its availability for intestinal absorption and subsequent interaction with target tissues. We then used an intestinal ischemia-reperfusion model to evaluate antioxidant activities in vivo. We found that both chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid had effects on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Since caffeic acid has a stronger antioxidant activity than that of chlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid is hydrolyzed into caffeic acid in the intestine, it is possible that caffeic acid plays a major role in the protective effect of chlorogenic acid against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Caffeic Acids/pharmacology , Chlorogenic Acid/pharmacology , Intestine, Small/metabolism , Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Animals , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacokinetics , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Caco-2 Cells , Caffeic Acids/chemistry , Caffeic Acids/pharmacokinetics , Caffeic Acids/therapeutic use , Capillary Permeability , Chlorogenic Acid/chemistry , Chlorogenic Acid/pharmacokinetics , Chlorogenic Acid/therapeutic use , Humans , Intestinal Absorption , Intestine, Small/blood supply , Intestine, Small/drug effects , Male , Oxidation-Reduction , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Reperfusion Injury/metabolism , Superoxides/analysisABSTRACT
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is widely consumed as a food supplement because of its recognition as an important nutrient in supporting human health. Absorption of compounds from the gastrointestinal tract is one of the important determinants of oral bioavailability. However, the absorption of dietary CoQ10 is slow and limited due to its hydrophobicity and large molecular weight. The absorption of orally applied compounds can be enhanced by interactions with food or food components. Thus, we investigated the effect of food intake on the absorption of CoQ10 after oral supplementation. In this study, we demonstrated that food intake enhanced the intestinal absorption of CoQ10. In order to improve intestinal absorption of CoQ10 after oral supplementation, we developed an emulsion formulation. Intestinal absorption of CoQ10 after administration of the emulsion formulation was also enhanced by food intake. Moreover, the peak concentration and the extent of absorption after administration of the emulsion formulation were greater than those after administration of a suspension formulation. It is possible that administration of CoQ10 in an emulsion formulation enhances the pharmacological effects of CoQ10.
Subject(s)
Eating/physiology , Intestinal Absorption , Ubiquinone/analogs & derivatives , Administration, Oral , Animals , Biological Availability , Coenzymes/administration & dosage , Coenzymes/pharmacokinetics , Emulsions , Male , Molecular Weight , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Ubiquinone/administration & dosage , Ubiquinone/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Production of free radical species in cells and body tissues is known to cause many pathological disorders. Therefore, free radical scavengers play an important role in the prevention of various human diseases. Bamboo grass, Sasa senanensis, is a native Japanese plant. Sasa has been used for medicine in Japan for many centuries. In this study, we investigated the antioxidative activity of Absolutely Hemicellulose Senanensis (AHSS), a novel extract from Sasa. In the first part of this study, we found that AHSS has antioxidant activities by the assay using superoxide anion-2-methyl-6-methoxyphenylethynylimidazopyrazynone (MPEC) reaction kit. We then confirmed its antioxidative activity using a rat ischemia and subsequent reperfusion (I/R) injury model. Breakdown of the intestinal wall caused by intestinal I/R was attenuated by pretreatment with AHSS. Moreover, AHSS inhibited the production of lipid peroxide by intestinal I/R. AHSS could be an important source of ingredients for use in functional foods and other applications.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Intestine, Small/drug effects , Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy , Sasa/chemistry , Allopurinol/pharmacology , Animals , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Intestine, Small/blood supply , Intestine, Small/pathology , Lipid Peroxides/antagonists & inhibitors , Lipid Peroxides/metabolism , Luminescence , Male , Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion/complications , Phytotherapy/methods , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Reperfusion Injury/etiology , Reperfusion Injury/metabolism , Xanthine Oxidase/antagonists & inhibitorsABSTRACT
Lutein is a carotenoid and it has antioxidant effects. Lutein may have a protective effect on ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury induced by free radical species. However, little is known about the protective effect of lutein on I/R injury in vivo. The present study was undertaken to clarify the protective effects of lutein on I/R injuries in the rat small intestine. Administration of lutein before intestinal I/R attenuated the damage to villi and deciduation of enterocytes and suppressed the increase in lipid peroxide.
