Response of normal human keratinocytes to sulfur mustard: cytokine release.

Cytokines play a major role in both acute and chronic inflammatory processes, including those produced by sulfur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide, HD). This study describes responses of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) to HD, defined by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) release. Commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to measure the cytokine release in NHEK during exposure to 100 and 300 microM of HD. Exposure to 100 microM HD increased the release of cytokines. The amounts of IL-8 and TNF-alpha present in cell suspensions increased up to 59-fold and 4-fold, respectively, above control levels when NHEK were exposed to 300 microM HD. Exposure of NHEK to 300 microM HD had a highly variable effect on the release of IL-1beta, where sometimes the secretion of IL-1beta increased above baseline level and at other times it decreased in cell suspensions. Supernatants were collected from cell culture flasks 24 h after exposure of 100 and 300 microM HD and significantly increased levels of IL-6 were observed. Interleukin-6 was released in a concentration-dependent manner, 3.6-fold up to 8.4-fold, respectively, in supernatant. These pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1beta, IL-8, TNF-alpha and IL-6 may play an important role in HD injury. The present findings suggest that the cytokine changes detected could be used as potential biomarkers of cutaneous vesicant injury.

Response of normal human keratinocytes to sulfur mustard (HD): cytokine release using a non-enzymatic detachment procedure.

Cytokines play a major role in both acute and chronic inflammatory processes, including those produced by sulfur mustard (HD). This study describes responses of normal human epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK) cells to 2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide, sulfur mustard (HD), defined by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release. A new method for detaching cell to cell adhesion between keratinocytes has been applied. This method permits the characterization of endogenous fluid from cellular content that could be applied for the development of therapeutic intervention. NHEK (typical average cell density 4.4 x 10(6) cells/mL) were exposed to HD (100 and 300 microM) in keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) for 24 h at 37 C in humidified air. Commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to measure the cytokine release in NHEK during exposure to 100 and 300 microM of HD. Exposure to 100 microM HD increased release of cytokines. IL-1beta (exposed: 1.41 x 10(-5) pg/ cell+/-1.60 x 10(-6) pg/cell: control 7.10 x 10(-6) pg/ cell+/-1.20 x 10(-6) pg/cell), TNF-alpha (exposed: 1.06 x 10(5) pg/cell+/-7.3 x 10(-7)pg/cell; control: 4.04 x 10(-6)+/-2.80 x 10(-7) pg/cell) and IL-8 (exposed: 3.71 x 10(-5) pg/ cell+/- 3.26 x 10(-6) pg/cell; control: 2.99 x 10(-6) pg/cell+/-8.80 x 10(-7) pg/cell) were significantly enhanced when NHEK cells were detached from culture flasks by non-enzymatic procedures. Cell suspensions of NHEK released low amounts of IL-6 when exposed to 100 microM for 24 h (exposed: 1.47 x 10(-6)+/-1.60 x 10(-7) pg/cell; control: 1.28 x 10(-6)+/-8.40 x 10(-8) pg/cell). However, cell suspensions of NHEK increased levels of IL-6 after exposure to 300 microM HD (4.67 x 10(-5) pg/cell+/-3.90 x 10(-6) pg/cell; control: 3.99 x 10(-6) pg/cell+/-5.50 x 10(-7) pg/cell). The amount of IL-8 and TNF-alpha present in cell suspensions increased up to 59-fold and fourfold, respectively, above control levels when NHEK cells were exposed to 300 microM HD. Exposure of NHEK to 300 microM HD had a highly variable effect on the release of IL-1beta, where sometimes the secretion of IL-1beta increased above baseline level and other times decreased in cell suspensions. Supernatants were collected from cell culture flasks 24 h after exposure of 100 and 300 microM and significantly increased levels of IL-6 were observed. IL-6 was released in a concentration-dependent manner, 3.6-fold up to 8.4-fold, respectively, in supernatant. These pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1beta, IL-8, TNF-alpha and IL-6 may play an important role in HD injury. The present findings suggest that cytokine changes detected could be used as potential biomarkers of cutaneous vesicant injury.