Determination of Several Element Levels in Hardaliye Beverages Using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry After Ultrasound-Probe Extraction.

In the present study, concentrations of calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), and zinc (Zn) in hardaliye samples produced in Turkey were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after ultrasound probe extraction (UPE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and wet extraction procedures. At present, there is limited work in the literature on UPE for the determination of trace elements in beverage samples. Our single-correlation analysis showed that the elements studied with the UPE method in hardaliye were strongly correlated with the MAE procedure. The parameters affecting the UPE experimental conditions-such as ultrasound amplitude, sonication time, sample amount, extractant type, and volume-were studied. Optimal experimental conditions for the extraction of the metals with the UPE procedure were as follows: 2 min of sonication; 30% amplitude; 3 mL sample volume; 5% HNO3 extraction solution; and 1 mL extractant volume for Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Na, and Zn in the hardaliye samples. The results in the hardaliye samples in minimum-maximum mg/L with the UPE procedure were 33-63 for Ca, 0.10-0.27 for Cu, 3.9-14.4 for Mg, 1.0-3.2 for Mn, 32-58 for Na, and 0.39-1.1 for Zn. LODs were 0.0032, 0.012, 0.013, 0.009, 0.011, and 0.008 mg/L for Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Na, and Zn, respectively. The accuracy of the method was verified with a recovery test (in which recoveries between 95 and 110% were observed) and application to a NIST 1643e certified sample (trace elements in water). The UPE procedure was found to be fast, accurate, and simple, with fewer contaminants and lower concentrated reagent consumption in comparison with conventional extraction procedures.

Determination of zinc in edible oils by flow injection FAAS after extraction induced by emulsion breaking procedure.

A new procedure using extraction induced by emulsion breaking (EIEB) procedure has been developed for extraction/preconcentration of zinc in various edible oils (canola oil, corn oil, hazelnut oil, olive oil, and sunflower oil) prior to its determination by the single line flow injection (FI) flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Several parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the procedure were investigated including the type and concentrations of surfactant, the concentration of HNO3, and the other operational conditions (emulsion breaking time and temperature). The limits of detection of 1.1 and 1.0 µg L(-1) were observed for zinc when aqueous standard and oil-based standards were added to the emulsions for calibration, respectively. The proposed procedure of combining EIEB and single line FI-FAAS can be regarded as a new procedure for the determination of zinc in edible oil samples.

Comparison of extraction induced by emulsion breaking, ultrasonic extraction and wet digestion procedures for determination of metals in edible oil samples in Turkey using ICP-OES.

The content of elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in edible oils (sunflower, hazelnut, canola, corn and olive oils) from Turkey was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) after ultrasonic extraction, wet digestion, and extraction induced by emulsion breaking procedures (EIEB). In order to evaluate the best sample preparation procedure, EIEB procedure was compared by ultrasonic extraction and wet digestion procedures. The results in the samples (minimum-maximum in mgkg(-1)) were : 0.022-0.058, Cr 0.126-7.106, Cu 0.570-4.504, Fe 8.004-12.588, Mn 0.035-0.054, Ni 0.908-2.182, Pb 0.099-0.134 and Zn 2.206-8.982. The EIEB procedure was found to be fast, reliable, simple, and excellent in comparison with the other studied procedures. The recovery test was performed by spiking the samples with known amounts of the metals in the form of organometallic standards and applying the EIEB procedure. The recoveries were in the range of 96-109%.

Determination of some traces metal levels in cheese samples packaged in plastic and tin containers by ICP-OES after dry, wet and microwave digestion.

The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in cheese samples packaged in plastic and tin containers were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry after microwave, wet and dry digestion processes. In order to evaluate the best digestion method, the relationships between the concentrations of trace metals in cheese samples after microwave digestion was compared by wet and dry ashings. Microwave digestion was found fast, reliable, simple, and excellent procedure in comparison with dry and wet ashing methods. The accuracy of the digestion procedures was determined by using standard reference material (GBW 07605-Tea). The order of levels of the elements in the white cheese samples packaged in tin containers was determined to be Cd

Investigation of trace elements in agricultural soils by BCR sequential extraction method and its transfer to wheat plants.

In this study, soil samples were collected from Edirne, Turkey in both summer and winter seasons and subjected to the modified Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure in order to investigate the chemical partitioning of metals in soils and to predict heavy metals uptake by wheat grains which grown at the same soils. The samples were subjected to a three stage extraction procedure proposed by the BCR. The three phases that were separated out in the following order: (1) carbonate, exchangeable, (2) Fe-Mn oxides, and (3) organic matter. Metal concentrations of soil fractions and grain samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The wheat samples were prepared to analysis using microwave acid digestion procedure. The pseudo-total concentrations of metals were determined after aqua regia digestion. The analytical accuracy of the method was evaluated by using the Standard Reference Materials (BCR 142R Light Sandy Soil, NIST 2711 Montana Soil, and NIST 2704 Buffalo River Sediment). The sum of the metal contents obtained from the modified BCR sequential extraction procedure and pseudo-total metal contents for soil samples were used to calculate recovery values. In order to evaluate the bioavailability of metals, the relationships between the wheat-metal and soil-extractable metal concentrations were compared.