Poly (hydroxyethylmethacrylate-co-methacryloyl glutamic acid) nanocarrier system for controlled release of levothyroxine.

The deterioration in the structure of thyroid hormones causes many thyroid-related disorders, which leads to a negative effect on the quality of life, as well as the change in metabolic rate. For the treatment of thyroid disorders, daily use of levothyroxine-based medication is essential. In the study, it is aimed to develop a polymeric nanocarrier that can provide controlled drug release of levothyroxine. In this respect, the p(HEMA-MAGA) nanopolymer was synthesized and then characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Zeta size analysis. The specific surface area of the nanopolymer was calculated as 587.68 m2/g. The pH, temperature, concentration, and time parameters were determined for levothyroxine binding to p(HEMA-MAGA) and optimum binding was determined as pH 7.4, 25 °C, 25 µg/mL concentration, and 30 min adsorption time. As a result of the release performed at pH 7.4, a release profile was observed which increased for the first 3 days and continued for 14 days. According to the results of MTT cell viability analysis, it was determined that the p(HEMA-MAGA) nanopolymeric carrier system had no cytotoxic effect. This developed polymer-based nanocarrier system is suitable for long-term and controlled release of levothyroxine. This is a unique and novel study in terms of developing poly hydroxyethylmethacrylate-co-methacryloyl glutamic acid-based polymeric nanoparticles for levothyroxine release.

Affinity-based nanoparticles were developed for long-term and controlled release of levothyroxine.p(HEMA-MAGA) nanopolymer was synthesized and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Zeta size analysis.Optimization studies of levothyroxine binding into p(HEMA-MAGA) nanopolymers were carried out and controlled release studies were made with loading in optimum parameters.MTT cell viability analysis were performed for determining that the p(HEMA-MAGA) nanopolymeric carrier system had no cytotoxic effect.

Development of nanobiosensor for therapeutic drug monitoring in personalized cancer treatment approach.

Docetaxel is one of the most effective and safe chemotherapy drugs according to the World Health Organization, but its clinical use has been discontinued due to its various side effects. To reduce these side effects, the amount of docetaxel drug should be kept at the most effective level, it should be monitored in body fluids. Due to the limitations of traditional analytical methods used for this purpose, such as expensive and low sensitivity, labor-intensive and time-consuming complex preliminary preparation, efficient methods are required for the determination of the docetaxel level in the body. The increasing demand for the development of personalized therapy has recently spurred significant research into biosensors for the detection of drugs and other chemical compounds. In this study, an electrochemical-based portable nanobiosensor system was developed for the rapid, low-cost, and sensitive determination of docetaxel. In this context, mg-p(HEMA)-IMEO nanoparticles to be used as nanobiosensor bioactive layer was synthesized, characterized, and docetaxel determination conditions were optimized. According to the results obtained, the developed nanobiosensor system can detect docetaxel with a sensitivity of 2.22 mg/mL in a wide calibration range of 0.25-10 mg/mL, in only 15 min, in mixed media such as commercially available artificial blood serum and urine. determined. We concluded that the developed nanobiosensor system can be successfully used in routine drug monitoring as a low-cost biomedical device capable of direct, rapid, and specific drug determination within the scope of personalized treatment, providing point-of-care testing.

Therapeutic drug monitoring on-site has the potential to significantly save healthcare expenditures while also improving patient outcomes.Chromatography's applicability as a routine procedure is restricted by its lack of standardization, expensive equipment, lengthy turnaround times, and labor-intensive sample preparation.Overcoming these drawbacks, nanobiosensors provide an inexpensive, user-friendly, on-site analytical approach to fully explore the possibilities of therapeutic drug monitoring.

Affinity-Based Magnetic Nanoparticle Development for Cancer Stem Cell Isolation.

Cancer is still the leading cause of death in the world despite the developing research and treatment opportunities. Failure of these treatments is generally associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs), which cause metastasis and are defined by their resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Although known stem cell isolation methods are not sufficient for CSC isolation, they also bring a burden in terms of cost. The aim of this study is to develop a high-efficiency, low-cost, specific method for cancer stem cell isolation with magnetic functional nanoparticles. This study, unlike the stem cell isolation techniques (MACS, FACS) used today, was aimed to isolate cancer stem cells (separation of CD133+ cells) with nanoparticles with specific affinity and modification properties. For this purpose, affinity-based magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by providing surface activity and chemical reactivity, as well as making surface modifications necessary for both lectin affinity and metal affinity interactions. In the other part of the study, synthesized and characterized functional polymeric magnetic nanoparticles were used for the isolation of CSC from the human osteosarcoma cancer cell line (SAOS-2) with a cancer stem cell subpopulation bearing the CD133 surface marker. The success and efficiency of separation after stem cell isolation were evaluated via the MACS and FACS methods. As a result, when the His-graft-mg-p(HEMA) nanoparticle was used at a concentration of 0.1 µg/mL for 106 and 108 cells, superior separation efficiency to commercial microbeads was obtained.

Metal-Chelated Polymeric Nanomaterials for the Removal of Penicillin G Contamination.

We developed selective and relatively low-cost metal-chelated nanoparticle systems for the removal of the penicillin G (Pen G) antibiotic, presented for the first time in the literature. In the nanosystem, poly(glycidyl methacrylate) nanoparticles were synthesized by a surfactant-free emulsion polymerization method and covalently bound with a tridentate-chelating ligand, iminodiacetic acid, based on the immobilized metal chelate affinity technique. It was modified with Cu2+, a chelating metal, to make Pen G specific. Metal-chelated nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, zeta dimensional analysis, and scanning electron microscopy technology. Optimization studies of the Pen G removal were conducted. As a result of this study, Pen G removal with the p(GMA)-IDA-Cu2+ nanoparticle reached its maximum adsorption capacity of 633.92 mg/g in the short time of 15 min. The Pen G adsorption of p(GMA)-IDA-Cu2+ was three times more than that of the p(GMA) nanoparticles and two times more than that of the ampicillin adsorption. In addition, there was no significant decrease in the adsorption capacity of Pen G resulting from the repeated adsorption-desorption process of metal-chelated nanoparticles over five cycles. The metal-chelated nanoparticle had an 84.5% ability to regain its ability to regenerate the product with its regeneration capability, making the widespread use of the system very convenient in terms of reducing cost, an important factor in removal processes.

p(HEMA)-RR241 hydrogel membranes with micron network for IgG depletion in proteomic studies.

Serum proteins can generally be considered a good source for the illness' indication and are precious resources to detect diseases such as inflammation, cancer, diabetes, malnutrition, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's, other autoimmune diseases, and infections. However, one of the biggest difficulties for proteomic studies is that the majority of serum protein mass consists of only a few proteins. Albumin and Immunoglobulin (IgG) constitute 80% of total serum protein. In this study, dye ligand affinity-based hydrogel membranes were proposed as new materials with micron mesh structures. Micron mesh p(HEMA) hydrogel membranes were synthesized by using the UV-photopolymerization method, then modified with Reactive Red 241 (RR241) dye ligand to increase the affinity towards IgG. Characterizations of synthesized micron mesh p(HEMA)-RR241 hydrogel membranes were also performed. It was demonstrated by the characterization studies that; the dye was successfully incorporated into the membrane structure with the amount of 119.38 mg/g. The hydrophilic property of the hydrogel membrane was demonstrated by swelling tests and the swelling value of dye modified membrane was found to be 8 times higher than that of the plain membrane. Micron network structure, as well as the porosity, were demonstrated with SEM/ESEM studies. Optimization of IgG adsorption conditions was also studied at different parameters (pH, temperature, ion strength, initial IgG concentration). Optimum pH, temperature, and ionic strength were found to be 6.5, 25 °C, 0.05 M, respectively, and the maximum IgG absorption value was 10.27 mg/g. Finally, it was shown that the proposed materials can be used repeatedly by 5 adsorption-desorption cycles.

The usage of composite nanomaterials in biomedical engineering applications.

Nanotechnology is still developing over the decades and it is commonly used in biomedical applications with the design of nanomaterials due to the several purposes. With the investigation of materials on the molecular level has increased the develop composite nanomaterials with exceptional properties using in different applications and industries. The application of these composite nanomaterials is widely used in the fields of textile, chemical, energy, defense industry, electronics, and biomedical engineering which is growing and developing on human health. Development of biosensors for the diagnosis of diseases, drug targeting and controlled release applications, medical implants and imaging techniques are the research topics of nanobiotechnology. In this review, overview of the development of nanotechnology and applications which is use of composite nanomaterials in biomedical engineering is provided.

Current updates on the European and WHO registered clinical trials of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a major public health concern currently. To date, there are no approved antiviral drugs or vaccines against this transmissible disease. This report sheds light on available information for a better understanding of clinical trials and pharmacotherapy related to COVID-19. MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus databases, Web of Science, WHO, and EU clinical trial sites were used to perform comparative analysis. Information was collected on the use of therapeutic agents for human therapy in patients with COVID-19 up to May 2020. We have extracted data from 60 clinical trials. Amongst these trials, 34 were from the European Union database of clinical trials and 26 from the National Institute of Health. The data selection procedure includes active, completed, and recruitment in progress status. Most of the clinical trials are ongoing and hence, there is a lack of precise results for the treatment.There is a lack of high-quality clinical evidence. The protocol to be developed requires large randomized clinical trials with a combination of available drugs and prospective therapies. We propose the usage of a large number of cases and different statistical analyses to conduct systematic clinical trials. This could provide comprehensive information about the clinical trial and potential therapeutic progress.

A model study by using polymeric molecular imprinting nanomaterials for removal of penicillin G.

We aimed to develop a molecularly imprinted polymeric systems with using penicillin G as a template molecule for removal of the antibiotic residues from environmental samples. Firstly, Pen-G-imprinted poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-L-alanine) [p(HEMA-MAAL)] nanopolymers were synthesized by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization method. Then, template molecule (Pen-G) was extracted from nanopolymers. Synthesized nanopolymers were characterized by different methods such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental and zeta-size analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and surface area calculations. Nanopolymers have 60.38 nm average size and 1034.22 m2/g specific surface area. System parameters on Pen-G adsorption onto Pen-G imprint nanopolymers were investigated at different conditions. The specific adsorption value (Qmax) of molecularly impirinted p(HEMA-MAAL) nanopolymers was found 71.91 g/g for Pen-G in 5 mg/mL Pen-G initial concentration. Pen-G adsorption of molecularly imprinted nanopolymers was 15 times more than non-imprinted polymer. It is shown that obtained p(HEMA-MAAL) nanopolymer was a reuseable product which protected its adsorption capacity of 98.9% after 5th adsorption-desorption cycle. In conclusion, we suggest a method to develop a nanostructure, selective, low-cost molecularly imprinted polymeric systems with using penicillin G as a template molecule for removal of the antibiotic residues.

Antibody separation using lectin modified poly(HEMA-EDMA) hydrogel membranes.

Herein we describe the synthesis of Concanavalin A-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-ethylene dimethacrylate) hydrogel membranes (via photopolymerization technique) for antibody separation from aqueous solutions. Different characterization techniques including Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Elemental Analysis and swelling tests revealed the highly rough morphology and spherical shape of the synthetized membranes. Attached amount of IMEO (salinization agent) onto polymeric structure and Con A binding capacity were found to be 10.85 mol/g and 3.52 mg/g, respectively. Optimum conditions for IgG adsorption such as adsorption capacity, pH and reusability profile of HMs were judiciously characterized. Maximum IgG adsorption capacity of hydrogel membrane was found to be as 26.81 mg/g. Adsorbed IgG was eluted successfully by using 2.0 M of NaCl solution. Reusability profiles of hydrogel membrane in five adsorption-desorption cycles revealed that there was no significant decrease in IgG adsorption capacity at the end of the 5th reuse. The hydrogel membranes reported here hold considerable promise as an effective sorbent system for IgG adsorption with good stability and efficient repeated usage.

Preparation and characterization of silanized poly(HEMA) nanoparticles for recognition of sugars.

In this study presented, p(HEMA) nanoparticles were synthesized by the emulsion polymerization technique and then activated by a silanization agent, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The APTES-functionalized p(HEMA) nanoparticles that were synthesized were characterized by studies using the Zetasizer, FTIR and SEM. The p(HEMA)-APTES nanoparticles were further modified with phenyl boronic acid (PBA), and these boronate affinity nanoparticles were used for the recognition of some sugars such as galactose, fructose and raffinose. The system parameters (temperature and initial sugar concentration) were optimized for maximum sugar adsorption. The maximum amount of galactose, fructose, and raffinose adsorbed were found to be 4334.5 mg/g; 4334.9 and 810.0 mg/g, respectively (at 25°C, in a phosphate buffer of pH 7.0). Considering the results of this study, it can be concluded that these nanoparticles may be used as a new alternative for the specific recognition of sugar.

Boronate affinity nanoparticles for RNA isolation.

In this presented paper, boronic acid incorporated poly(HEMA) based nanoparticles were synthesized for RNA adsorption. For this purpose, poly(HEMA) nanoparticles were synthesized by using the surfactant free emulsion polymerization technique. Then, nanoparticles were modified with 3-(2-imidazoline-1-yl)propyl(triethoxysilane) (IMEO) and functionalized with phenylboronic acid (PBA). Prepared nanoparticles were characterized with SEM, FTIR and zeta-size. Optimum RNA adsorption conditions were investigated with different pHs, temperatures and initial RNA concentrations in order to determine the maximum RNA adsorption onto poly(HEMA)-IMEO-PBA nanoparticles. It was also studied that, synthesized nanoparticles could be used for 5 successive reuses and adsorption capacity of the nanoparticles decreased only about 5% at the end of the 5 cycles.