ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: There is increasing evidence that shigellosis is a predominantly sexually transmitted disease among men who have sex with men (MSM) and that infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a risk factor for shigellosis. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of antibiotic resistance profiles of Shigella species isolated from stool specimens of patients presenting with diarrhea from January 2010 to July 2012 in three German outpatient clinics specialized in HIV care. RESULTS: Among 79 cases of Shigella sonnei, 56 occurred in HIV-infected MSM, while 23 were observed in HIV-negative MSM. High resistance rates (>90%) were found for doxycycline, tetracycline, aminoglycosides, all cephalosporins of first and second generations tested, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. In total, 54% of cases were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Compared to negative subjects, HIV-infected MSM had a significantly higher rate of quinolone resistance. For ciprofloxacin, the resistance rates were 66 versus 24%, respectively (p = 0.0016). Individual resistance patterns did not indicate that this was due to a limited outbreak. Rates of resistance to other antibiotics than quinolones showed no differences between HIV-infected and HIV-negative cases. No resistance was found for carbapenems or newer cephalosporins such as ceftriaxone. CONCLUSIONS: The high rates of S. sonnei isolates resistant to quinolones and other traditional antibiotics are of concern. Innovative prevention efforts are urgently needed. The empirical use of quinolones in HIV-infected patients presenting with S. sonnei infection is no longer recommended.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Dysentery, Bacillary/microbiology , HIV Infections/metabolism , Quinolines/pharmacology , Shigella sonnei/drug effects , Adult , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Dysentery, Bacillary/virology , HIV Infections/virology , Homosexuality, Male , Humans , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Shigella sonnei/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
The hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is an oxygen-regulated transcriptional activator playing a pivotal role in mammalian physiology and disease pathogenesis, e.g., HIF-1 is indispensable in a broad range of developmental stages in different tumors. Its post-translational regulation via PHDs under the influence of hypoxia is widely investigated and accepted. Different non-hypoxic stimuli such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), thrombin, and angiotensin II (Ang II), have been proven to enhance HIF-1 levels through activation of regulative mechanisms distinct from protein stabilization. Some of these stimuli specifically regulate HIF-1α at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, or translational level, whereas others additionally influence post-translational modifications. Thus, it is difficult for the investigators to discern the impact of the different mechanisms leading to functional HIF-1 protein. Nevertheless, profound knowledge of additional regulatory networks appears to depict new therapeutic opportunities and thus is an interesting and important field for further investigations.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression Regulation/physiology , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism , Mammals/physiology , Oxygen/metabolism , Animals , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/geneticsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To analyze the frequency of behavioral and emotional problems and comorbidity of kindergarten children in Braunschweig as rated by their parents. METHOD: The analysis is part of the Braunschweiger Kindergartenstudie. In a sample of N = 809 children aged three to six the parents rated their children using a modified version of the Child Behavior Checklist/CBCL 4-18. RESULTS: The prevalence rates range from 0.5% to 5.0%. The most frequent behavioral problems in kindergarten children were aggressive behavior and attention problems, followed by social problems. The study also provides bidirectional comorbidity rates. CONCLUSION: Finally the prevalence rates and the implications of the findings for prevention of behavioral problems in children are discussed.
Subject(s)
Affective Symptoms/epidemiology , Child Behavior Disorders/epidemiology , Somatoform Disorders/epidemiology , Affective Symptoms/diagnosis , Age Factors , Child , Child Behavior Disorders/diagnosis , Child, Preschool , Comorbidity , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Germany/epidemiology , Health Surveys , Humans , Incidence , Internal-External Control , Male , Personality Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics , Sex Factors , Social Adjustment , Somatoform Disorders/diagnosisABSTRACT
The structures of six new drimance sesquiterpenoids, mniopetals A-F, were elucidated by a combination of chemical and spectroscopic methods. The mniopetals are inhibitors of RNA-directed DNA-polymerases.
Subject(s)
4-Butyrolactone/analogs & derivatives , Basidiomycota/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors , Tetrahydronaphthalenes/chemistry , 4-Butyrolactone/chemistry , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Molecular StructureABSTRACT
Six novel enzyme inhibitors of RNA-directed DNA-polymerases of human immunodeficiency-, avian myeloblastosis and murine leukemia viruses were isolated from fermentations of a canadian Mniopetalum species. They were named mniopetals A, B, C, D, E and F. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The compounds, in addition to their inhibitory activities on reverse transcriptases, exhibit antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties.
