ABSTRACT
Seasonal outbreaks of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) at Gorakhpur, India have been recognized since 2006. So far, the causative agent has not been identified. Use of next generation sequencing identified human parvovirus 4 (HPARV4) sequences in a CSF/plasma pool. These sequences showed highest identity with sequences earlier identified in similar patients from south India. Real-time PCR detected HPARV4 DNA in 20/78 (25.6%) CSF and 6/31 (19.3%) plasma of AES patients. Phylogenetic analysis classified three almost complete genomes and 24 partial NS1 sequences as genotype 2A. The observed association of HPARV4 with AES needs further evaluation. ELISAs for the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies against scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi, OT) showed â¼70% IgM/IgG positivity suggestive of etiologic association. Prospective, comprehensive studies are needed to confirm association of these agents, singly or in combination with AES in Gorakhpur region.
Subject(s)
Acute Febrile Encephalopathy/virology , Disease Outbreaks , Parvoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Parvovirus/isolation & purification , Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods , Acute Febrile Encephalopathy/blood , Acute Febrile Encephalopathy/cerebrospinal fluid , Acute Febrile Encephalopathy/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , DNA, Viral/genetics , Female , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Immunoglobulin M/blood , India/epidemiology , Infant , Male , Parvoviridae Infections/blood , Parvoviridae Infections/cerebrospinal fluid , Parvoviridae Infections/diagnosis , Parvovirus/genetics , Parvovirus/immunology , PhylogenyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: We estimate the effectiveness of Japanese encephalitis (JE) SA 14-14-2 live-attenuated vaccination single dose campaign among children aged 1-15 years in India during 2006-07. METHODS: Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) cases hospitalized following vaccination campaigns during the years 2006-08 were investigated retrospectively. The laboratory-confirmed JE cases were detected from the surveillance laboratories based on anti-JE IgM antibody by ELISA or viral RNA detection by RT-PCR in sera or cerebrospinal fluid. Consent was sought from parents or guardians. Four community controls were chosen randomly per case during house-to-house survey employing individual matching on age, gender and residence during the risk period. Vaccination history was enquired from the child's guardian and verified from vaccination card at home or records at health centre. Conditional logistic regression was conducted on matched case-control sets. RESULTS: We studied 149 cases and matched 596 controls. Vaccination effectiveness was 43.8% (95% CI, 1.9-67.8) based on vaccination card or record. However, effectiveness was 72.2% (95% CI, 56.2-82.4) based on parental history or card/record. Vaccination effectiveness in Assam state was higher than in Uttar Pradesh state. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the single subcutaneous dose of SA 14-14-2 JE vaccine provided moderate effectiveness in Indian children.
Subject(s)
Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology , Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control , Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology , Adolescent , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Case-Control Studies , Child , Child, Preschool , Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/isolation & purification , Female , Humans , Immunoglobulin M/blood , India/epidemiology , Infant , Injections, Subcutaneous , Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/administration & dosage , Male , RNA, Viral/blood , RNA, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid , RNA, Viral/isolation & purification , Retrospective Studies , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Treatment Outcome , Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Attenuated/immunologySubject(s)
Encephalitis, Japanese , Cerebrospinal Fluid/cytology , Child , Child, Preschool , Encephalitis, Japanese/cerebrospinal fluid , Encephalitis, Japanese/diagnosis , Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology , Encephalitis, Japanese/physiopathology , Hepatomegaly , Humans , India/epidemiology , Infant , Leukocytosis , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Our primary objective was to evaluate the effect of peer counselling by mother support groups (MSG's) in improving the infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices in the community. METHODS: We conducted this repeated-measure before and after study in the Lalitpur district of Uttar Pradesh, India between 2006 and 2011. We assessed the IYCF practices before and after creating MSG's within the community. The feeding practices were reassessed at two time points-2 (T1) and 5 years (T2) after the intervention and compared with that of the pre-intervention phase (T0). RESULTS: The total population covered by the project from the time of its initiation was 105000. A total of 425 (T0), 480 (T1) and 521 (T2) mother infant pairs were selected from this population. There was significant improvement in the following IYCF practices in the community (represented as %; adjOR (95% CI, p) such as initiation of breast feeding within 1 hour at both T1 (71% vs. 11%); 19.6 (13.6, 28.2, p = â<0.0001)and T2 (62% vs. 11%); 13.3 (9.4, 18.9, p =â <0.0001); use of prelacteal feeds at both T1 (67% vs. 15%); 12.6 (CI: 9.0, 17.6, p<0.0001) and T2 (67% vs. 5%); 44.4 (28.8, 68.4, p = <0.0001); rates of exclusive breast feeding for 6 months at both T1 (50% vs. 7%); 13.6 (7.6, 25.0, p =â <0.0001) and T2 (60% vs. 7%); 20.5 (11.3, 37.2, p =â <0.0001); initiation of complementary feeding at T1 (85% vs. 54%); 5.6 (3.6, 8.7, p = â<0.0001) and T2 (96% vs. 54%); 22.9 (11.8, 44.1, p =â <0.0001) and complementary feeding along with continued breast feeding at both T1 (36% vs. 4.5%); 6 (1.15, 31.4, p = 0.033) and T2 (42% vs. 4.5%); 8.06 (1.96, 49.1, p = 0.005) as compared to pre-intervention period (T0) after adjusting for important social and demographic variables. CONCLUSIONS: Peer counseling by MSG's improved the IYCF practices in the district and could be sustained.
