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Front Immunol ; 10: 3050, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32010134

ABSTRACT

Cyclic-di-AMP (c-di-AMP) is a bacterial second messenger that is produced by intracellular bacterial pathogens in mammalian host macrophages. Previous reports have shown that c-di-AMP is recognized by intracellular pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system and stimulate type I interferon response. Here we report that the response to c-di-AMP includes a post-transcriptional component that is involved in the induction of additional inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, CXCL2, CCL3, and CCL4. Their mRNAs contain AU-rich elements (AREs) in their 3' UTR that promote decay and repress translation. We show that c-di-AMP leads to the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK as well as the induction of the ARE-binding protein TTP, both of which are components of a signaling pathway that modulate the expression of ARE-containing mRNAs at the post-transcriptional level. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 reduces the c-di-AMP-dependent release of induced cytokines, while TTP knockdown increases their release and mRNA stability. C-di-AMP can specifically increase the expression of a nano-Luciferase reporter that contains AREs. We propose a non-canonical intracellular mode of activation of the p38 MAPK pathway with the subsequent enhancement in the expression of inflammatory cytokines. C-di-AMP is widely distributed in bacteria, including infectious intracellular pathogens; hence, understanding of its post-transcriptional gene regulatory effect on the host response may provide novel approaches for therapy.


Subject(s)
Bacteria/metabolism , Bacterial Infections/genetics , Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Dinucleoside Phosphates/metabolism , Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics , RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional , 3' Untranslated Regions , AU Rich Elements , Animals , Bacteria/immunology , Bacterial Infections/immunology , Bacterial Infections/metabolism , Cytokines/chemistry , Cytokines/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation , Genes, Reporter , Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology , Mice , Open Reading Frames , Promoter Regions, Genetic , RAW 264.7 Cells , RNA Stability , Signal Transduction , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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